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1、英语常用修辞手段RhetoricRhetoricisanancientbranchoflearning,foundedbytheGreekphilosopherAristotle(亚里士多德),soithasahistoryofmorethantwothousandyearsinEurope.Atfirstitdealtwiththewaysofpersuadingpeopleinconversationandspeech.Latertheemphasisgraduallyshiftedfromspeechtowriting.
2、Generallyspeaking,rhetoricistheartofeffectivecommunicationbymeansoflanguage,ormoresimply,itistheartofexpressing,bywords,preciselywhatwemean.1RhetoricandGrammarRhetoricbasesitselfongrammar,butitisnotgrammar.Grammardealswiththemutualrelationsofwordsinasentence,whilerh
3、etoricdealswiththechoiceofwordsandthesentencestructuresincomposition.Theformerteachesuscorrectspeech;thelatterteachesusbetterspeech.Grammarispre-requisite(必要条件，前提)ofrhetoric.2HowtostudyRhetoricThefirststepshouldbetolearntorecognizethemostcommonly-useddevicesofexpres
4、sionandanalyzethedifferenteffectstheyproduce.Tobeabletodothis,itwillnotbeenoughmerelytolistentoafewlecturesorreadsomebooksonrhetoric.Readinggoodauthorswithgreatcareisnecessary.Thestudyofrhetoricintheoryshouldpavethewayforitsapplicationinpractice.3ChapterOneⅠ.Figureo
5、fspeech(修辞格；修辞手段)Thevalueoffigurativeword(修饰性词汇的价值)Wordsusedforwhattheysuggest,inasensenotexactlyliteral,arecalledfigurativeexpressions.Whenwecalladistinguishedpersonastar,theworldastage,orthemoonthelampofnight.Weusethewordsstar,stageandlampofnightnotintheirliterals
6、ense,butwithafanciful(想象出来的)application.Suchlanguagemakesthethoughtmorevividandmorestriking,andthereforeattractsmoreofthereader’sattention.4Almosteverynotional(表意的)wordhasbothaliteralandafigurativesense.Theverbinventin“paperwasinventedinChina”and“Wattinventedthestea
7、mengine”isusedliterally;in“Whentheteacherasktheboywhyhehadnotcometotheclassthedaybefore,heinventedanexcuse”,and“Jimofteninventsastorytoamusethechildren”.Itisusedinafigurativeorunusualsense.Whenastudentspeaksofhammeringaway(连续敲打;刻苦钻研)athisalgebra,orsaysthathehasjusts
8、queezed(挤；压)throughanexaminationinFrench,orthatadatehasslippedhis5mind,heisusingafigureofspeech.Theexpressionsnotedareclearlymorevividthan
