平狄克 微观经济学 第七版 课件 第三章.pdf

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1、ConsumerChoiceConsumerChoice•xandxaregoodsClothing12•Preferencesofaconsumerisrepresentedby–asetofindifferencecurves;or40–autilityfunctionBE30•BudgetconstraintD–budgetline:p1x1+p2x2=I–budgetset:thesetofallbundleswhichareaffordable20U4A•TheoptimalbundleC10U31.lieswithinthebudg

2、etset(feasible)U22.attainsthehighestpossiblelevelofutilityU11020406080Food2ConsumerChoiceConsumerChoice•MRSisthesubjectivepricebetweenthegoods•Aconsumerwillchooseafeasiblebundlethatlieson–maximumnumberofunitsofgood2theconsumerisanindifferencecurvefurthestawayfromtheoriginwil

3、lingtogiveuptoobtainoneadditionalunitofgood1–i.e.itleadstothehighestutilityamongallbundlesinthe•P1/P2istheobjectivepricebetweenthegoodsbudgetset–numberofunitsofgood2thattheconsumerneedsto•Whenindifferencecurvesaresmoothandconvex,atgiveupsothatenoughmoneyissparedtobuyoneanint

4、erioroptimalbundle(x>0andx>0),theadditionalunitofgood112indifferencecurveistangenttothebudgetline:•Attheoptimalbundle(smoothandconvexIC,interioroptimum),slopeofslopeofMUPor1=1indifferencecurve=budgetlineMUP1MUMUMUPMRS=1=or1=2(MRS)(priceratio)22MUP2P1P2234CouldAbeoptimal?Inte

5、riorOptimumClothingClothing4040A3030-10C2020C10+10F10U2U1020406080Food5020406080Food61CornerOptimumCornerOptimumClothing•Atacorneroptimum,theconsumer’sMRSisnotnecessarilyequaltothepriceratio•Inthiscase,attheoptimum:U0U1U2U3MUPMUMUF³ForF³CMUPPPCCFC•Atacorneroptimum,iftheMRSis

6、significantlygreaterthanthepriceratio,asmalldecreaseinthepriceofclothingwillnotaltertheconsumer’sBFoodoptimalbundle78AnotherExampleofCornerOptimum:InteriorOptimum:lump-sumsubsidytoeducationlump-sumsubsidytoeducationOtherOtherConsumptionConsumption($)($)CU3BBAU2ACU1U1U3U2Educ

7、ation($)9Education($)10IndividualDemandCurveIndividualDemandCurveClothing•Whatisthedemandcurveofanindividual?10Assume:–itshowsthequantityofagoodthataconsumer•I=$20•P=$2wantstobuyatdifferentpricesofthegood6AC•P=$2,$1,$0.5F•Alongthedemandcurve,otherfactors5DU1B4U(otherthanownp

8、rice)affectingthequantity3ofthegoodthattheconsumerwantstobuyU2stayconstant4