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1、ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEArtificialintelligence(AI)is,intheory,theabilityofanartificialmechanismtodemonstratesomeformofintelligentbehaviorequivalenttothebehaviorsobservedinintelligentlivingorganisms.Artificialintelligenceisalsothenameofthefieldofscienceandtechnologyinwhichartificialmecha
2、nismsthatexhibitbehaviorresemblingintelligencearedevelopedandstudied.ThetermAIitself,andthephenomenaactuallyobserved,invite---indeeddemand---philosophicalspeculationaboutwhatinfactconstitutesthemindorintelligence.Thesekindsofquestionscanbeconsideredseparately,however,fromadescriptiono
3、fthevariousendeavorstoconstructincreasinglysophisticatedmechanismsthatexhibit“intelligence.”ResearchintoallaspectsofAIisvigorous.Someconcernexistsamongworkersinthefield,however,thatboththeprogressandexpectationsofAIhavebeenoverstated.AIprogramsareprimitivewhencomparedtothekindsofintui
4、tivereasoningandinductionofwhichthehumanbrainoreventhebrainsofmuchlessadvancedorganismsarecapable.AIhasindeedshowngreatpromiseintheareaofexpertsystems---thatis,knowledge-basedexpertprograms---butwhiletheseprogramsarepowerfulwhenansweringquestionswithinaspecificdomain,theyareneverthele
5、ssincapableofanytypeofadaptable,ortrulyintelligent,reasoning.ExamplesofAIsystemsincludecomputerprogramsthatperformsuchtasksasmedicaldiagnosesandmineralprospecting.Computershavealsobeenprogrammedtodisplaysomedegreeoflegalreasoning,speechunderstanding,visioninterpretation,natural-langua
6、geprocessing,problemsolving,andlearning.Althoughmostofthesesystemshaveprovedvaluableeitherasresearchvehiclesorinspecific,practicalapplications,mostofthemarealsostillveryfarfrombeingperfected.CHARACTERISTICSOFAI:NogenerallyacceptedtheorieshaveyetemergedwithinthefieldofAI,owinginparttot
7、hefactthatAIisaveryyoungscience.Itisassumed,however,thatonthehighestlevelanAIsystemmustreceiveinputfromitsenvironment,determineanactionorresponse,anddeliveranoutputtoitsenvironment.Amechanismforinterpretingtheinputisneeded.Thisneedhasledtoresearchinspeechunderstanding,vision,andnatura
8、llang
