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1、ElectrochemistryCommunications11(2009)2089–2092ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectElectrochemistryCommunicationsjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/elecomHowtheelectrolytelimitsfastdischargeinnanostructuredbatteriesandsupercapacitorsPhilA.Johns,MatthewR.Roberts,YasuakiWaki
2、zaka1,JamesH.Sanders,JohnR.Owen*SchoolofChemistry,UniversityofSouthampton,Southampton,HantsSO171BJ,UnitedKingdomarticleinfoabstractArticlehistory:Solidstateandinterfacialprocessesarenotnecessarilytheprincipalratelimitingprocessduringfastdis-Received12August2009chargeofLiFePO4com
3、positeelectrodeswithparticlesizelessthan1lm.AsimplemodelbasedonsaltReceivedinrevisedform29August2009diffusiontoasharpdischargefrontexplainstheobserveddependenceofdischargerateonelectrodeAccepted1September2009thickness,electrolyteconcentration,lithiumtransferencenumber,anddilutio
4、noftheactivematerial.Availableonline16September2009Theeffectofchangingtheelectrolyteisdramatic,e.g.dischargeto25%capacitywasobtainedona40lmthickelectrodeafteronly4sinanoptimisedelectrolyte,aqueousLi2SO4,showingarateofKeywords:900Cascomparedwithlessthan10Cforasimilarcellwithanion
5、icliquidastheelectrolyte.LithiumionbatteryÓ2009ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.LiFePO4DischargerateElectrolyteCompositeelectrodeTransferencenumber1.Introductionstudiesshowingmuchmoremodestenhancements[7,8]bringintoquestionwhethertherealcausemayhavebeenachangeinparti-Oneofthegreate
6、stbenefitsofnanostructuredelectrodes[1–4]clemorphology,agglomeration,orelectrodeporosityasaresultofismaximisationoftheinterfacialareabetweentheelectrodeandtheimpurityorthemethodofitsintroduction.Rhoetal.haveob-electrolyte,withminimisationoftheparticlesized;bothoftheseservedmetall
7、icelectronicconductioninreducediron/phosphorus2shouldimprovethedischargerateaccordingtodifinterfacialorspeciese.g.Fe2PformedonthesurfacesofLiFePO4particlesundersolidstatetransportprocessesarethelimitingfactors.However,mildlyreducingconditions[9].Anotherstudysuggeststhatphaserec
8、entworkinourlaboratorywithnanostructuredelectro
