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1、英文翻译一建筑结构资料原文：FootingsTypesandfunctionofsubstructure,orfoundation,isthatpartofastructurewhichisusuallyplacedbelowthesurfaceofthegroundandwhichtransmitstheloadtotheunderlyingsoilorrock.Allsoilscompressnoticeablywhenloadedandcausethesupportedstructuretosettle.Thetwoessentialr
2、equirementsinthedesignoffoundationsarethatthetotalsettlementofthestructureshallbelimitedtoatolerablysmallamountandthatdifferentialsettlementofthevariouspartsofthestructureshallbeeliminatedasnearlyaspossible.Withrespecttopossiblestructuraldamage,theeliminationofdifferentials
3、ettlement,i.e.,differentamountsofsettlementwithinthesamestructure,isevenmoreimportantthanlimitationsonuniformoverallsettlement.Tolimitsettlementasindicated,itisnecessarytotransmittheloadofthestructuretoasoilstratumofsufficientstrengthandtospreadtheloadcoverasufficientlylarg
4、eareaofthatstratumtominimizebearingpressure.Ifadequatesoilisnotfoundimmediatelybelowthestructure,itbecomesnecessarytousedeepfoundationssuchaspilesorcaissonstotransmittheloadtodeeper,firmerlayers.Ifsatisfactorysoildirectlyunderliesthestructure,itismerelynecessarytospreadthel
5、oad,byfootingsorothermeans.Suchsubstructuresareknownasspreadfoundations,anditismainlythistypewhichwillbediscussed.TypesofspreadfoundationsFootingsgenerallycanbeclassifiedaswallandcolumnfootings.Thehorizontaloutlinesofthemostcommontypesaregiven.Awallfootingissimplyastripofre
6、inforcedconcrete,widerthanthewall,whichdistributespressure.singlecolumnfootingareusuallysquare,sometimesrectangular,andrepresentthesimplestandmosteconomicaltype.Theiruseunderexteriorcolumnsmeetswithdifficultiesifpropertyrightspreventtheuseoffootingprojectingbeyondtheexterio
7、rwalls.Inthiscasecombinedfootingsorstrapfootingsareusedenableonetodesignafootingwhichwillnotprojectbeyondthewallcolumn.Combinedfootingsundercloselyspaced,heavilyloadedinteriorcolumnswheresinglefootings,iftheywereprovided,wouldcompletelyornearlymerge.39Suchindividualorcombin
8、edcolumnfootingsarethemostfrequentlyusedtypesofspreadfoundationsonsoilsofreasonabl
