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1、桂林工学院GUILINUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY本科毕业设计英文翻译系（院）：土木工程专业方向：班级：学号：姓名：指导教师：日期：CivilEngineeringCivilengineeringistheplanning,design,construction,andmanagementofthebuiltenvironment.Thisenvironmentincludesallstructuresbuiltaccordingtoscientificprinciples,fromirrigat
2、ionanddrainagesystemstorocketlaunchingfacilities.Civilengineersbuildroads,bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,powerplants,waterandsewagesystems,hospitals,schools,masstransit,andotherpublicfacilitiesessentialtomodernsocietyandlargepopulationconcentrations.Theyalsobui
3、ldprivatelyownedfacilitiessuchasairport,railroads,pipelines,skyscrapers,andotherlargestructuresdesignedforindustrial,commercial,orresidentialuse.Inaddition,civilengineersplan,design,andbuildcompletecitiesandtowns,andmorerecentlyhavebeenplanninganddesigningspa
4、ceplatformstoself-containedcommunities.ThewordcivilderivesfromtheLatinforcitizen.In1782,EnglishmanJohnSeatonusedthetermtodifferentiatehisnonmilitaryengineeringworkfromthatofthemilitaryengineerswhopredominatedatthetime.Sincethen,thetermcivilengineerhasoftenbee
5、nusedtorefertoengineerswhobuildpublicfacilities,althoughthefieldismuchbroader.ScopeBecauseitissobroad,civilengineeringissubdividedintoanumberoftechnicalspecialties.Dependingonthetypeofproject,theskillspfmanykindsofcivilengineerspecialtiesmaybeneeded.Whenaproj
6、ectbegins,thesiteissurveyedandmappedbycivilengineerswhoexperimenttodetermineiftheearthcanbeartheweightofproject.Environmentalspecialistsstudytheproject’simpactonthelocalarea,thepotentialforairandgroundwaterpollution,theproject’simpactonlocalanimalandplantlife
7、,andhowtheprojectcanbedesignedtomeetgovernmentrequirementsaimedatprotectingtheenvironment.Transportationspecialistsdeterminewhatkindoffacilitiesareneededtoeasetheburdenonlocalroadsandothertransportationnetworksthatwillresultfromthecompletedproject.Meanwhile,s
8、tructuralspecialistsraisepreliminarydatatomakedetaileddesigns,plans,andspecificationsfortheproject.Supervisingandcoordinatingtheworkofthesecivilengineerspecialists,frombeginningtoendofthe
