实验十一 DNA的酶切.ppt

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1、实验十一ＤＮＡ的酶切RestrictionEndonucleases: AnOverviewRestrictionenzymeswerediscoveredabout30yearsagoduringinvestigationsintothephenomenonofhost-specificrestrictionandmodificationofbacterialviruses.Bacteriainitiallyresistinfectionsbynewviruses,andthis"restriction"ofviralgrowthstemmedfromendonucleas

2、eswithinthecellsthatdestroyforeignDNAmolecules.Amongthefirstofthese"restrictionenzymes"tobepurifiedwereEcoRIandEcoRIIfromEscherichiacoli,andHindIIandHindIIIfromHaemophilusinfluenzae.TheseenzymeswerefoundtocleaveDNAatspecificsites,generatingdiscrete,gene-sizefragmentsthatcouldbere-joinedinth

3、elaboratory.Researcherswerequicktorecognizethatrestrictionenzymesprovidedthemwitharemarkablenewtoolforinvestigatinggeneorganization,functionandexpression.Astheuseofrestrictionenzymesspreadamongmolecularbiologistsinthelate1970’s,companiessuchasNewEnglandBiolabsbegantosearchformore.Exceptforc

4、ertainviruses,restrictionenzymeswerefoundonlywithinprokaryotes.Manythousandsofbacteriaandarchaehavenowbeenscreenedfortheirpresence.Analysisofsequencedprokaryoticgenomesindicatesthattheyarecommon--allfree-livingbacteriaandarchaeaappeartocodeforthem.Restrictionenzymesareexceedinglyvaried;they

5、rangeinsizefromthediminutivePvuII(157aminoacids)tothegiantCjeI(1250aminoacids)andbeyond.Amongover3,000activitiesthathavebeenpurifiedandcharacterized,morethan250differentsequence-specificitieshavebeendiscovered.Ofthese,over30%werediscoveredandcharacterizedatNewEnglandBiolabs.Thesearchfornews

6、pecificitiescontinues,bothbiochemically,bytheanalysisofcell-extracts,andcomputationally,bytheanalysisofsequencedgenomes.Althoughmostactivitiesencounteredtodayturnouttobeduplicates--isoschizomers--ofexistingspecificities,restrictionenzymeswithnewspecificitiesarefoundwithregularity.Beginningi

7、ntheearly1980’s,NewEnglandBiolabsembarkedonaprogramtocloneandoverexpressthegenesforrestrictionenzymes.Cloningimprovesenzymepuritybyseparatingenzymesfromcontaminatingactivitiespresentinthesamecells.Italsoimprovesenzymeyieldsandgreatlysimplifiespurificatio