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1、StrategicManagementJournal,Vol.12,95-1I7(I991)TOWARDSADYNAMICTHEORYOFSTRATEGY/-----MICHAELE.PORTERGraduateSchoolofBusinessAdministration,HarvardUniversitv,Boston,Massachu-T--setts,U.S.A.Thispaperreviewstheprogressofthestrategyfieldtowardsdevelopingatrul
2、ydynamictheoryofstrategy.Itseparatesthetheoryofstrategyintothecausesofsuperiorperformanceatagivenperiodintime(termedthecross-sectionalproblem)andthedynamicprocessbywhichcompetitivepositionsarecreated(termedthelongitudinalproblem).Thecross-sectionalprobl
3、emislogicallypriortoaconsiderationofdynamics,andbetterunderstood.Thepaperthenreviewsthreepromisingstreamsofresearchthataddressthelongitudinalproblem.Thesestillfallshortofexposingthetrueoriginsofcompetitivesuccess.Oneimportantcategoryoftheseorigins,thelo
4、calenvironmentinwhichafirmisbased,isdescribed.Manyquestionsremainunanswered,however,andthepaperconcludeswithchallengesforfutureresearch.INTRODUCTIONtheoryofthefirmandanassociatedtheoryofstrategy.WhiletherehasbeenconsiderableThereasonwhyfirmssucceedorfai
5、lisperhapsprogressindevelopingframeworksthatexplainthecentralquestioninstrategy.Ithaspreoccupieddifferingcompetitivesuccessatanygivenpointthestrategyfieldsinceitsinceptionfourdecadesintime,ourunderstandingofthedynamicago.Thecausesoffirmsuccessorfailurep
6、rocessesbywhichfirmsperceiveandultimatelyencompassalltheotherquestionsthathavebeenattainsuperiormarketpositionsisfarlessraisedinthiscollectionofessays.Itisinextricablydeveloped.Worseyet,somerecentresearchhasboundupinquestionssuchaswhyfirmsdiffer,tendedt
7、ofragmentordichotomizetheimportanthowtheybehave,howtheychoosestrategies,partsoftheproblemratherthanintegratethem,andhowtheyaremanaged.WhilemuchoftheasIwilldiscusslater.workinthefieldhasbeenimplicitlydomestic,itMypurposeinthisessayistosketchthehasbecomei
8、ncreasinglyapparentthatanysearchoutlinesofadynamictheoryofstrategy.Drawingforthecausesoffirmsuccessmustconfronttheonrecentresearch,somepartsoftheoutlinecanrealityofinternationalcompetition,andthebefilledin.Manyunansweredquestions
