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1、西格蒙德·佛洛伊德(SigmundFreud,1856年5月6日-1939年9月23日),原名SigismundSchlomoFreud,奥地利精神分析学家,犹太人。精神分析学的创始人,称为“维也纳第一精神分析学派”以别于后来由此演变出的第二及第三学派。著作《梦的解析》、《精神分析引论》等。提出“潜意识”、“自我”、“本我”、“超我”、“俄狄浦斯情结”、“性冲动”(Libido)等概念,认为人类男性天生具有弑父娶母的欲望和恋母情结(即俄狄浦斯情结,参见:俄狄浦斯),女性天生具有弑母嫁父的欲望和恋父情结(又叫厄勒克特拉情结,参见:厄勒克特拉),以及儿
2、童性行为等理论。其成就对哲学、心理学、美学甚至社会学、文学等都有深刻的影响,被世人誉为“精神分析之父”。但他的理论自诞生到如今,却一直饱受争议。SigmundFreud(Germanpronunciation:[ˈziːɡmʊntˈfʁɔʏt]),bornSigismundSchlomoFreud(6May1856–23September1939),wasanAustrianneurologistwhofoundedthepsychoanalyticschoolofpsychiatry.Freudisbestknownforhistheorieso
3、ftheunconsciousmindandthedefensemechanismofrepression,andforcreatingtheclinicalpracticeofpsychoanalysisfortreatingpsychopathologythroughdialoguebetweenapatient,technicallyreferredtoasan"analysand",andapsychoanalyst.Freudredefinedsexualdesireastheprimarymotivationalenergyofhuma
4、nlife,developedtherapeutictechniquessuchastheuseoffreeassociation,createdthetheoryoftransferenceinthetherapeuticrelationship,andinterpreteddreamsassourcesofinsightintounconsciousdesires.Hewasanearlyneurologicalresearcherintocerebralpalsy,andaprolificessayist,drawingonpsychoana
5、lysistocontributetothehistory,interpretationandcritiqueofculture.WhilemanyofFreud'sideashavefallenoutoffavororbeenmodifiedbyotheranalysts,andmodernadvancesinthefieldofpsychologyhaveshownflawsinsomeofhistheories,hisworkremainsinfluentialinclinicalapproaches,andinthehumanitiesan
6、dsocialsciences.Heisconsideredoneofthemostprominentthinkersofthe20thcentury,intermsoforiginalityandintellectualinfluence.TheimportanttheoryofSigmundFreud人格结构理论精神层次理论心理治疗法人格发展理论Theidreferstotheraw,unorganized,inheritedpartofthepersonality.Itsmaingoalistoreducetensioncreatedbyou
7、rprimitivedriveswhicharerelatedtohunger,sex,aggressionandirrationalimpulses.Theidoperatesaccordingtothepleasureprinciple,inwhichitsgoalisimmediategratificationandreductionoftension.人格结构理论(idegosuperego)人格结构的最基本的层次是本我,相当于他早期提出的潜意识。它处于心灵最底层,是一种与生俱来的动物性的本能冲动,特别是性冲动。它是混乱的、毫无理性的,只知
8、按照快乐原则行事,盲目地追求满足。Theegoisthebufferbetweentheidandtheworld’sre