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1、郑孟燕梁诗琪袁嘉卫宋淋张丽Presupposition1.ThePhilosophicalTradition2.ASemanticAnalysis2.1Presuppositionvsfocus2.2Classificationofpresupposition2.3Factiveandnon-factive2.4Presupposition-triggers3.ProblemsintheSemanticApproach3.1Defeasibility3.2Projectionproblem4.TheApplicationofPresupposition1.ThePhilosop
2、hicalTradition预设是自然语言中大量存在的一种常用语言现象。在语言交际中，人们通常运用预设这一手段来表达已知信息。有关预设问题的讨论最初是由哲学家引起的，更确切地说，是逻辑学家提出来的。后来语言学家把这种推导关系引入研究表达命题的句子之间的关系中来。早在19世纪末德国的哲学家和数学家弗雷格（GottlobFrege）在其提出了这一概念。现在它已进入语言学，成为语义学，特别是语用学最重要的范畴之一。NoamChomskyIsitJOHNwhowritespoetry?No,itisBILLwhowritespoetry.InS1,underthenormalinton
3、ationthewordJohnreceivesthemainstress,andapossibleresponsemightbeS2.ChomskyproposedtocalltheinformationcarriedbywordslikeJohn,Billfocus,andthatbytheembeddedclause“someonewritespoetry”presupposition.S1andS2differinfocus,butnotinpresupposition.Thatis,“thefocusisthephrasecontainingtheintonation
4、centre;thepresuppositionanexpressionderivedbyreplacingthefocusbyavariable”(Chomsky,1972,p.100)2.ASemanticAnalysis2.1Presuppositionvsfocus2.2Classificationofpresupposition2.2.1SemanticPresuppositionTheoriginalFregeanviewofsemanticpresupposition(e.g.Frege,1892)isonlyvalidforalanguagewhichhasab
5、ivalenttruth-conditionalsemantics,i.e.whereeverysentenceinthelanguagecanbeassignedavalueofeitherTrueorFalse.AsemanticpresuppositionisthenaninferencewhichisTruewhetherthesentencefromwhichitwasinferredisitselfTrueorFalse.Forinstance,ifthesentenceS“TheKingofFranceisbald”isassignedavalueofTrue,t
6、henS“TheKingofFranceexists”isalsoTrue,butifSisFalse(i.e.theKingofFranceisnotbald)SisstillTrue.SisthereforesemanticallypresupposedbyS.(Kevin,1997,p.7)2.2.2PragmaticPresuppositionWhilepragmaticpresuppositionsarenotformallydefined,Stalnaker(1974)characterisesthemasrequirementsontheshared(orcomm
7、on)knowledgeofthediscourseparticipants,whichmustbesatisfiedforthespeaker’scommunicativeintentionstobeachieved.Thisappliesequallywelltothesemanticpresuppositionsinducedbydefinitenounphrases,suchas‘theKingofFrance’,asitdoestothoseinducedbylinguistici
