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1、TextWhat’sinaName?1Todayit'sonlytheexceedinglyfamouswhoareknownbyjustonename,butevenSting,CherandMadonnastartedlifewithasurname.InEnglandalonetherearearound45,000differentsurnames.Butpriorto1000ADinBritain,everyonewasknownbythegivennameonly,orperhapstheirnickname.Text2Differ
2、entareasoftheworldadoptedsurnamesatdifferentperiodsintime.TheChinesewereamongthefirstpeopletousefamilynamestohonourtheirparentsfromabout2800BC.InEurope,theRomansstartedcallingpeoplebytheirgivennameandfamilynameinLatinfrom300BC,butitwasn'tcommonpracticethroughoutEuropeuntilth
3、e10thor11thcentury,whenfirst,thelordsandgentry,thenmiddle-classcitizens,andfinallyeveryoneusedsurnames.TextThenecessityforsurnamesarosewhenthepopulationbegantogrow.Suddenlytherewasmorethanonepersonwiththesamenameinavillage,sosurnameswereused.Generally,thesesurnameswerenothan
4、deddowntothenextgeneration,butafterthefalloftheRomanEmpire,Irelandwasoneofthefirstcountriestoadopthereditarysurnames,andIrishsurnamesarefoundasearlyasthe10thcentury.Text3Ascommunitiesgrew,itbecamenecessarytoidentifyresidentsmorespecificallywithanamewhichreferredtoadominantfe
5、aturesuchasaphysicalattribute,anoccupation,oraplaceoforigin.ThisledtonameslikeJohntheButcher,WilliamtheShort,HenryfromSutton,MaryoftheWood,andRoger,sonofRichard.Text4AftertheNormanConquestofEngland,thenewrulers(fromNormandyinnorthernFrance)oftherealmobligedpeopletoadoptfixed
6、surnamesforadministrativereasons,asaformofregistrationforthecensusandfortaxation.Gradually,mostSaxonandCelticnamesvanished(Oslaf,Oswald,Oswin–OsmeaningGod),andweseenameslikeCarpenter,Thatcher,CookandBaker,Hill,Forest.Anymanwholefthishomeandmovedtoanotherpartofthecountrywould
7、becalledbytheplacewherehecamefrom,egJohnofYork,andotherimmigrantsfromIreland,HighlandScotlandandWales(whenitbecamepartofGreatBritainin1536)adoptedtheEnglishsystemofsurnames.Text5Surnamesfromplacesweremostcommon.Infact,morethanhalfofEnglishsurnamestodayderivefromgeographicdes
8、criptions:Bedford,Berkley,Hampshirecouldhavebeennamesgiventopeoplewhomigrat
