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1、TextCulturalChildhoods1WhenIlookbackonmyownchildhoodinthe1970sand1980sandcompareitwithchildrentoday,itremindsmeofthatfamoussentence"Thepastisaforeigncountry:Theydothingsdifferentlythere"(fromL.P.Hartley'snovelTheGo-Between).Eveninarelativelyshort periodoftime,Icanseetheenormoustransf
2、ormationsthat havetakenplaceinchildren'slivesandinthewaystheyare thoughtaboutandtreated.Text2LookingfurtherbackIcanseevastdifferencesbetweencontemporaryandhistoricalchildhoods.Today,childrenhave fewresponsibilities,theirlivesarecharacterizedbyplaynot work,schoolnotpaidlabour,familyra
3、therthanpubliclifeandconsumptioninsteadofproduction.Yetthisisallrelatively recent.Ahundredyearsago,a12yearoldworkinginafactory wouldhavebeenperfectlyacceptable.Now,itwouldcausesocialservices'interventionandtheprosecutionofbothparents andfactoryowner.Text3Thedifferencesbetweentheexpec
4、tationsplacedonchildrentodayandthoseplacedontheminthepastareneatlysummedupbytwoAmericanwriters,BarbaraEhrenreichandDeirdreEnglish.ComparingchildhoodsinAmericatodaywith thoseoftheAmericancolonialperiod(1600–1776),theyhave written:"Today,afouryearoldwhocantiehisorhershoesis impressive.
5、Incolonialtimes,four-year-oldgirlsknittedstockings andmittensandcouldproduceintricateembroidery:Atagesix theyspunwool.Agood,industriouslittlegirlwascalled'Mrs‘ insteadof'Miss'inappreciationofhercontributiontothefamily economy:Shewasnot,strictlyspeaking,achild."Text4Thesechangingideas
6、aboutchildrenhaveled manysocialscientiststoclaimthatchildhoodisa "socialconstruction".Theyusethistermtomean thatunderstandingsofchildhoodarenotthesame everywhereandthatwhileallsocietiesacknowledgethat childrenaredifferentfromadults,howtheyaredifferentandwhatexpectationsareplacedonthe
7、m,change accordingtothesocietyinwhichtheylive.Text5Socialanthropologistshaveshownthisintheir studiesofpeopleswithverydifferentunderstandings oftheworldtoWesternones.JeanBriggshasworked withtheInuitoftheCanadianArcticandhasdescribedhow,withinthesecommunities,growingupislargely seenasa
8、processofacq
