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1、中国论文：试论中国古代刑讯制度【中文摘要】刑讯源自远古的神判,始于西周,横亘二千余年,自唐代时迈向成熟,自明清时走向没落。刑讯是证据采集的手段之一,亦是司法程序的重要组成部分。纵观中国古代立法,《唐律》是刑讯制度的集大成者,后世历朝关于刑讯的立法大多以《唐律》作为蓝本。中国古代关于刑讯的立法虽对刑讯对象、刑讯手段、刑具的使用以及违法刑讯应承担的责任基本作出了规定,但由于中国古代刑事诉讼采用“有罪推定”的断案原则和“口供至上”的证据规则,且缺乏有效的人权保障手段,司法实践中所存在的违法拷讯和法外拷讯现象屡禁不绝。再者,中国历代统治者为保障其统治稳固,极度重视刑狱,在这种环境下,
2、刑讯便不可避免地成为审理案件的必要手段。正因为如此,刑讯制度贯穿了中国整个封建社会,虽在一定程度上保证了刑事诉讼的顺利进行,却也在客观上屡屡造成冤案。如果不是因为清末内外压力,合法的刑讯制度恐仍将继续下去。【英文摘要】TheinquisitionbytortureoriginatedfromtheancientordealandcamewiththeWesternZhouDynasty,spanningmorethantwothousandyears,maturingfromtheTangDynastyanddecliningsincetheMingandQingDynast
3、y.Theinquisitionbytortureisoneofthemeansforevidencegatheringandalsoanimportantpartofthejudicialprocedure.ThroughouttheancientChineselegislation,theTangCodeisamasteroftheinquisitionbytorture,onwhichmostlegislationoflaterdynastiesoninquisitionbytorturewasbased.Althoughthelegislationontheinqui
4、sitionbytortureinancientChinahavemadebasicprovisionsontheinquired,inquisitionmethods,theuseoftortureinstrumentsandtheliabilitiestobebornefromtheinquisitioninviolationofthelaw,theinquisitioninviolationofthelawandoutofthelawfailedtobeeliminatedinthejudicialpracticeduetothereasonsthatthecrimin
5、alproceduresinancientChinaadoptedthedecisionprincipleof“presumptionofguilt”andtheevidenceruleof“confessionfirst”,andtherewasnoteffectivemeanstoprotecthumanrights.Furthermore,China’srulersinallthedynastiesattachedgreatimportancetotheprisonadministrationforthepurposeofprotectionofthestability
6、oftheirruleandundersuchcircumstancetheinquisitionbytorturewouldinevitablybecomeanecessarymeanstohearthecase.ItwasforsuchreasonsthattheinquisitionbytortureranthroughthewholefeudalsocietiesinancientChina,whichcausednumerousunjustcaseswhileguaranteedthesmoothdevelopmentofthecriminalprocedurest
7、oacertaindegree.WithouttheinternalandexternalpressuresatthelateQingDynasty,thelegalinquisitionbytorturewouldhavecontinued.【关键词】中国古代刑讯拷囚刑事诉讼【英文关键词】ancientchinainquisitionbytorturetorturingprisonerscriminalprocedures【目录】试论中国古代刑讯制度摘要6-7Abstract7引言10-11一、刑讯制
