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1、Lecture1Introductiontoknowledge-baseintelligentsystemsIntelligentmachines,orwhatmachinescandoThehistoryofartificialintelligenceorfromthe“DarkAges”toknowledge-basedsystemsSummaryIntelligentmachines,orwhatmachinescandoPhilosophershavebeentryingforover2000yearstounderstandandresolvetwoBigQ
2、uestionsoftheUniverse:Howdoesahumanmindwork,andCannon-humanshaveminds?Thesequestionsarestillunanswered.Intelligenceistheabilitytounderstandandlearnthings.2Intelligenceistheabilitytothinkandunderstandinsteadofdoingthingsbyinstinctorautomatically.(EssentialEnglishDictionary,Collins,London
3、,1990)Inordertothink,someoneorsomethinghastohaveabrain,oranorganthatenablessomeoneorsomethingtolearnandunderstandthings,tosolveproblemsandtomakedecisions.Sowecandefineintelligenceastheabilitytolearnandunderstand,tosolveproblemsandtomakedecisions.Thegoalofartificialintelligence(AI)asasci
4、enceistomakemachinesdothingsthatwouldrequireintelligenceifdonebyhumans.Therefore,theanswertothequestionCanMachinesThink?wasvitallyimportanttothediscipline.Theanswerisnotasimple“Yes”or“No”.Somepeoplearesmarterinsomewaysthanothers.Sometimeswemakeveryintelligentdecisionsbutsometimeswealsom
5、akeverysillymistakes.Someofusdealwithcomplexmathematicalandengineeringproblemsbutaremoronicinphilosophyandhistory.Somepeoplearegoodatmakingmoney,whileothersarebetteratspendingit.Ashumans,weallhavetheabilitytolearnandunderstand,tosolveproblemsandtomakedecisions;however,ourabilitiesarenot
6、equalandlieindifferentareas.Therefore,weshouldexpectthatifmachinescanthink,someofthemmightbesmarterthanothersinsomeways.Oneofthemostsignificantpapersonmachineintelligence,“ComputingMachineryandIntelligence”,waswrittenbytheBritishmathematicianAlanTuringoverfiftyyearsago.However,itstillst
7、andsupwellunderthetestoftime,andtheTuring’sapproachremainsuniversal.Heasked:Istherethoughtwithoutexperience?Istheremindwithoutcommunication?Istherelanguagewithoutliving?Isthereintelligencewithoutlife?Allthesequestions,asyoucansee,arejustvariationsonthefundamentalquestionofartif
