新编简明英语语言学教程(重点笔记赶考秘籍).doc

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1、1.1Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itisascientificstudybecauseit(a)isbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata.It(b)discoversthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem.It(c)collectslanguagefactsthatdisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremad

2、eaboutthem.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeifoftencalledgenerallinguistics.phonetics(语音学):thestudyofsoundsphonology(音位学):howsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningmorphology(形态学):howmorphemes(词素)arearrangedandcombinedtoformwordssyntax(句法学):thestudyofrulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstof

3、ormgrammaticallypermissiblesentencessemantics(语义学):thestudyofmeaningpragmatics(语用学):thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuseinterdisciplinarybranches:sociolinguistics(社会语言学),psycholinguistics(心理语言学),appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)Importantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescriptive(规定性oldlinguis

4、tics)vs.descriptive(描述性modernlinguistics)synchronic(共时性)vs.diachronic(历时性):mostlinguisticstudiesareofsynchronicdescriptions,whichispriorinmodernlinguisticsspeechandwriting:speechispriortowritinginmodernlinguisticslangue(语言系统abstractlinguisticsystem)andparole(话语/言语realizationoflangueina

5、ctualuse):SwisslinguistF.deSaussure----forefatherofmodernlinguisticscompetence(语言能力idealuser’sknowledgeofrulesofhislanguage)andperformance(语言运用actualrealizationofthisknowledge):AmericanlinguistN.Chomskytraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics:Saussure’sbook“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”mar

6、kedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics1.2Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.LAD:LanguageAcquisitionDevice-----ChomskyArbitrariness(任意性):Differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.Productivity/creativity(能产性):Constructionandinterpretation

7、ofnewsignalsarepossible,sothatlargenumberofsentencescanbeproduced.Duality(双层性):Twolevelsenablepeopletotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.lowerlevel(sounds)---higherlevel(words)Displacement(移位性):enablepeopletotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeorpla