新编简明英语语言学教程(重点笔记 赶考秘籍)

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1、1.1Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itisascientificstudybecauseit(a)isbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata.It(b)discoversthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem.It(c)collectslanguagefactsthatdisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizations

2、aremadeaboutthem.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeifoftencalledgenerallinguistics.phonetics(语音学):thestudyofsoundsphonology(音位学):howsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningmorphology(形态学):howmorphemes(词素)arearrangedandcombinedtoformwordssyntax(句法学):thestudyofrulesthatgovernthecombinati

3、onofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencessemantics(语义学):thestudyofmeaningpragmatics(语用学):thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuseinterdisciplinarybranches:sociolinguistics(社会语言学),psycholinguistics(心理语言学),appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)Importantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescrip

4、tive(规定性oldlinguistics)vs.descriptive(描述性modernlinguistics)synchronic(共时性)vs.diachronic(历时性):mostlinguisticstudiesareofsynchronicdescriptions,whichispriorinmodernlinguisticsspeechandwriting:speechispriortowritinginmodernlinguisticslangue(语言系统abstractlinguisticsystem)andparole(话语/

5、言语realizationoflangueinactualuse):SwisslinguistF.deSaussure----forefatherofmodernlinguisticscompetence(语言能力idealuser’sknowledgeofrulesofhislanguage)andperformance(语言运用actualrealizationofthisknowledge):AmericanlinguistN.Chomskytraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics:Saussure’sbook“

6、CourseinGeneralLinguistics”markedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics1.2Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.LAD:LanguageAcquisitionDevice-----ChomskyArbitrariness(任意性):Differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.Productivity/creativit

7、y(能产性):Constructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsarepossible,sothatlargenumberofsentencescanbeproduced.Duality(双层性):Twolevelsenablepeopletotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.lowerlevel(sounds)---higherlevel(words)Displacement(移位性):enablepeopletotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freef

8、rombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeorpla