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1、Chapter2Life-cycleCostApproach(LCCA):FrameworkandConcepts2.1FrameworkAsdiscussed,life-cyclecostapproach(LCCA)hasevolvedfromaprojectappraisaltooltoamorecomprehensivemethodofincorporatingsustainabledevel-opmentaspectsinvarioussectors.LCCAcouldbeconceivedinthebroadersus-tainabledevelopmentfra
2、mework.Theframeworkconsistsofthreeinterconnectedsustainabilitydimensions,suchaseconomic,environmentalandsocial.Economicsustainabilityconceptdrawsfromthepublicfinanceframeworkusingfinancialandeconomicassessmentofinvestments.Environmentalsustainabilityisbasedonexternalitiesframework(againfro
3、m‘publicgood’andpublicfinance).Socialsustainabilitydrawsfrompublicpolicyframeworkwhereservicedelivery,govern-anceandsocialequityarecritical.Achievingsustainabilityonthesethreecountsisachallenge.Thenexusapproachofwater,energyandfoodsecurity(Hoff2011)comesclosetoaddressingthischallenge.Thene
4、xusapproachprovidesabroaderframeworkwithinwhichgranularityexists.Here,granularityisreferredtointhelinkageswithinthesectorandsub-sectors,forinstance,withinwatersector,thelinkagesbetweensurfaceandgroundwaterresources,betweenirrigationanddrinkingwater.Similarly,withindrinkingwater,thelinkages
5、betweenwater,sani-tation,wastewater,reuseofwastewater,etc.,areverymuchinterlinkedorgani-cally.ThegranularityiswellcapturedinthethreeoverarchingquestionsraisedbyKurianandArdakanian(2013),(i)intersectionality(criticalmassoffactorsattheintersectionofmaterialfluxes);(ii)interactionality(intera
6、ctionswithexoge-nousfactors,viz.,policy,economy,environment,etc.;and(iii)hybridity(buildingtransdisciplinaryapproaches).Life-cyclethinkingistheconceptualideabehindLCCAthatreflectsthecomprehensivenessoftheapproachinasystemsperspective.LCCAtakesthewholechainandspreadofactivitiesthattakeintoc
7、onsiderationthenexusand©TheAuthor(s)2015V.R.Reddyetal.,Life-cycleCostApproachforManagement17ofEnvironmentalResources,SpringerBriefsinEnvironmentalScience,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-06287-7_2182Life-cycleCostApproach(LCCA):FrameworkandConceptstheembeddedgranularity.I
