资源描述：
《语言学第四章chapter.ppt》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、Chapter4Syntax河南大学外语学院马应聪outline4.1Introduction4.2WordClasses4.3ThePrescriptiveApproach4.4TheDescriptiveApproach4.4.1Structuralanalysis4.4.2Immediateconstituentanalysis4.5ConstituentStructureGrammar4.6TransformationalGrammar4.7SystemicFunctionalGrammar河南大学外语学院马应聪4.1IntroductionSyntax:studyofthe
2、internalstructuresofsentenceandtherulesforthecombinationofwords.DifferencebetweenmorphologyandsyntaxMorphology:theinternalstructureofwordsSyntax:thecombinationofwords河南大学外语学院马应聪Syntacticrules(1)a.Thehunterfearsthecriesoftheblackbirds.b.Theblackbirdsfearthecriesofthehunter.(2)a.Jacklookedupthewo
3、rd.b.Jacklookedthewordup.(3)*Criesfearthetheofhunterblackbirdsthe.Conclusion:Thestructureofsentencesuchaswordordercanchangethemeaning.Everysentenceisasequenceofwordsbutnoteverysequenceofwordsisasentence.Sentenceformationhasrules,sothatwehavewell/illformedor(un)grammaticalsentences.河南大学外语学院马应聪4.
4、2WordClassesNounsarewordsusedtorefertopeople,objects,creatures,places,events,qualities,phenomenaandabstractideasasiftheywereallthings.cats,dogs,war,wedding,courage,beauty,rain,love,hatredAdjectivesarewordsthatdescribethething,quality,stateoractionwhichanounrefersto.beautiful,redVerbsarewordsuse
5、dtorefertovariousactionsandstatesinvolvingthe“things”inevents.run,walk,seem河南大学外语学院马应聪Adverbsarewordsthatdescribeoraddtothemeaningofaverb,anadjective,anotheradverb,orasentence,andwhichanswersthequestionsintroducedbyhow,where,when,etc.carefully,slowly,then,nowPrepositionsarewordsusedwithnounsinp
6、hrasesprovidinginformationabouttime,placeandotherconnectionsinvolvingactionsandthings.河南大学外语学院马应聪Pronounsarewordswhichmayreplacenounsornounphrases.Conjunctionsarewordsusedtoconnectandindicaterelationshipsbetweeneventsandthings.Articles,Exclamations,Numerals河南大学外语学院马应聪Thedefinitionsaboveareusefu
7、lforidentifyingmostforms,buttheyarenevercompletelyaccurate.Adifferentapproachmightfocusonsomeotherpropertiesofthewordclasses.Forexample,anouncanbedefinedasaformthatcomesafteranarticle(a,anandthe)andcantakeinflectionsforpossessive(
