曼昆经济学原理Chap02.ppt

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1、像经济学家一样思考ThinkingLikeanEconomistChapter2第二章Copyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Allrightsreserved.  Requestsforpermissiontomakecopiesofanypartoftheworkshouldbemailedto:PermissionsDepartment,HarcourtCollegePublishers,6277SeaHarborDrive,Orlando,Florida32887-677

2、7.每一个研究领域都有自己的专业术语EveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminologyMathematicsaxiomsintegralsvectorspacesPsychologyegoidcognitivedissonanceLawtortsvenuesPromissoryestoppelEveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminology经济学Economics供给Supply需求Demand弹性Elasticity消费者剩余ConsumerSurplu

3、s比较优势Comparativeadvantage机会成本OpportunitycostDeadweightloss？？Economicstrainsyouto....Thinkintermsofalternatives.Evaluatethecostofindividualandsocialchoices.Examineandunderstandhowcertaineventsandissuesarerelated.作为科学家的经济学家TheEconomistasaScientist经济学思考方式The

4、economicwayofthinking...用分析的方法，客观思考Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.使用科学方法Makesuseofthescientificmethod.科学方法TheScientificMethod使用抽象模型帮助人们理解复杂的真实世界是如何运行的Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.提出理论，收集、分析数据然后改进理论Developstheori

5、es,collects,andanalyzesdatatoprovethetheories.观察、理论、再观察Observation,TheoryandMoreObservation!TheRoleofAssumptionsEconomistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand.Theartinscientificthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomake.Economistsusediffer

6、entassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestions.TheEconomicWayofThinkingIncludesdevelopingabstractmodelsfromtheoriesandtheanalysisofthemodels.Usestwoapproaches:Descriptive(reportingfacts,etc.)Analytical(abstractreasoning)EconomicModelsEconomistsusemodelstosimpli

7、fyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworldTwoofthemostbasiceconomicmodelsinclude:TheCircularFlowModelTheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierTheCircular-FlowModelThecircular-flowmodelisasimplewaytovisuallyshowtheeconomictransactionsthatoccurbetweenhous

8、eholdsandfirmsintheeconomy.循环流行图TheCircular-FlowDiagram企业Firms家庭Households生产要素市场MarketforFactorsofProduction物品和劳务市场MarketforGoodsandServices支出Spending收益Revenue工资、租金、利润Wages,rent,andprofit收入Income出售物品和劳务Goods&Service