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1、托福TPO阅读48文本+题目+答案下载ChinesePopulationGrowthIncreasesinpopulationhaveusuallybeenaccompanied(indeedfacilitated)byanincreaseintrade.IntheWesternexperience,commerceprovidedtheconditionsthatallowedindustrializationtogetstarted,whichinturnledtogrowthinscience,technology,industry,transport,communications,
2、socialchange,andthelikethatwegroupunderthebroadtermof“development.”However,themassiveincreaseinpopulationthatinEuropewasatfirstattributedtoindustrializationstartingintheeighteenthcenturyoccurredalsoandatthesameperiodinChina,eventhoughtherewasnocomparableindustrialization.ItisestimatedthattheChines
3、epopulationby1600wascloseto150million.ThetransitionbetweentheMingandQingdynasties(theseventeenthcentury)mayhaveseenadecline,butfrom1741to1851theannualfiguresrosesteadilyandspectacularly,perhapsbeginningwith143millionandendingwith432million.Ifweacceptthesetotals,weareconfrontedwithasituationinwhich
4、theChinesepopulationdoubledinthe50yearsfrom1790to1840.If,withgreatercaution,weassumelowertotalsintheearlyeighteenthcenturyandonly400millionin1850,westillfaceastartlingfact:somethinglikeadoublingofthevastChinesepopulationinthecenturybeforeWesterncontact,foreigntrade,andindustrializationcouldhavehad
5、mucheffect.ToexplainthissuddenincreasewecannotpointtofactorsconstantinChinesesocietybutmustfindconditionsoracombinationoffactorsthatwerenewlyeffectiveinthisperiod.AmongtheseisthealmostcompleteinternalpeacemaintainedunderManchuruleduringtheeighteenthcentury.Therewasalsoanincreaseinforeigntradethrou
6、ghGuangzhou(southernChina)andsomeimprovementoftransportationwithintheempire.Controlofdisease,likethecheckingofsmallpoxbyvariolationmayhavebeenimportant.Butofmostcriticalimportancewasthefoodsupply.Confrontedwithamultitudeofunreliablefigures,economistshavecomparedthepopulationrecordswiththeaggregate
7、dataforcultivatedlandareaandgrainproductioninthesixcenturiessince1368.AssumingthatChina’spopulationin1400wasabout80million,theeconomistDwightPerkinsconcludesthatitsgrowthto700millionormoreinthe1960swasmadepossibl
