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1、AustraliaGeographyandHistoryGovernmentandSocietyGeographyLocationandSizeAustralialiesintheSouthernHemisphere,betweentheIndianOceanandthePacificcountryissurroundedbyseaonallsides:thePacificOceanontheeast,theIndianOceanonthewest,theArafuraSeaonthenorthandtheSouthernIndianOcea
2、nonthesouth.Itistheonlynationtogovernanentirecontinentanitsoutlyingislands.Withatotalareaofnearly7.7millionsquarekilometers,Australiaisthesixthlargestcountrytheworld,afterRussia,Canada,China,theU.S.andBrazil.GeographicalRegionsBroadlyspeaking,Australiacanbedividedintothreeg
3、eographicalregions:theEasternHighlands,theCentralLowlandsandWesternPlateau.ThehighestpointofelevationinAustralia,MountKosciuszko,whichrisestosome2,228metersabovesealevel,islocatedhere.ThereismorerainfallontheeasterncoastalplainthananywhereelseinAustralia.Rainfallisheavyinno
4、rthernandsouthwesternAustralia,butthecentralregioniscoveredwithdesert.ClimateandMajorCitiesJanuaryandFebruaryarethehottestsummermonths,whileJuneandJulyarethecoldestwintermonths.Australiaiswidelyknownas“theDryContinent”duetoitslowrainfall.Thearidity(干旱)ofAustraliastemsfromit
5、sproximitytotheequator.Overtwo-thirdsoftheAustraliapopulationliveinthebigcities.ThemajorurbancentersofAustraliaincludeCanberra(堪培拉)，Sydney,Melbourne(墨尔本),Brisbane(布里斯班)，Perth(珀斯)，Adelaide(阿德莱德)andDarwin(达尔文).CanberraisthecapitalcityofAustraliaandislocatedintheAustraliaCapit
6、alTerritory.SydneyisthecapitalcityofNewSouthWalesandisAustralia’slargestandoldestcity.HistoryBeforetheWesternersfoundAustralia,onlyAustralianaborigineslivedthere.Inthe16thcentury,theEuropeansbegantoexploreAustralia.In1606,theSpanishnavigator—LuisVaesdeTorresfoundtheplace,bu
7、thedidn’texploreitfurther.Inthesameyear,aDutchman—Williamarrivedinthecontinent.Thenin1770,theEnglishnavigatorCaptainJamesCookdiscoveredtheeasterncastleofAustraliaandnameditNewSouthWales..Soon,heclaimedthatthecontinentbelongedtoEngland.In1779,JosephBanks—anaturalistonCook’sb
8、oatadvisedtheEnglishgovernmentapprovedofhissuggestion.In1787,afleetconsistingofele
