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1、附录ComputersinDesignandManufacturingThecomputerisbringingmanufacturingintotheInformationAge.Thisnewtool,longafamiliaroneinbusinessandmanufacturingoperations,ismovingintothefactory,anditsadventischangingmanufacturingascertainlyasthesteamenginechangedit100yearsago.Thebasicmetalworkingproces
2、sesarenotlikelytochangefundamentally,buttheirorganizationandcontroldefinitelywill.Inonerespect,manufacturingcouldbesaidtobecomingfullcircle.Thefirstmanufacturingwasacottageindustry:thedesignerwasalsothemanufacturing,conceivingandfabricatingproductsoneatatime.Eventually,theconceptoftheint
3、erchangeabilityofpartswasdeveloped,productionwasseparatedintoseparatedintospecializedfunctions,andidenticalpartswereproducedthousandsatatime.Today,althoughthedesignerandmanufacturingmaynotbecomeoneagain,thefunctionsarebeingdrawncloseinthemovementtowardanintegratedmanufacturingsystem.Itis
4、perhapsironicthat,atatimewhenthemarketdemandsahighdegreeofproductdiversification,thenecessityforincreasingproductivityandreducingcostisdrivingmanufacturingtowardintegrationintoacoherentsystem,acontinuousprocessinwhichpartsdonotspendasmuchas95%ofproductiontimebeingmovedaroundorwaitingtobe
5、workedon.Thecomputeristhekeytoeachofthesetwinrequirements.Itistheonlytoolthatcanprovidethequickreflexes,theflexibilityandspeed,tomeetadiversifiedmarket.Anditistheonlytoolthatenablesthedetailedanalysisandtheaccessibilityofaccuratedatanecessaryfortheintegrationofthemanufacturingsystem.Toda
6、y,nearlyeverymarketisanichemarket,becausecustomersareselective.Ifyouignorethepotentialfortailoringyourproducttospecificcustomers'needs,youwilllosethemajorpartofyourmarketshare一perhapsallofit.Sincethesenichemarketsaretransient,yourcompanyneedstobeinapositiontorespondtothemquickly.Theemerg
7、enceofnichemarketsanddesignondemandhasalteredthewayengineersconductresearch.Today,researchiscommonlydirectedtowardsolvingparticularproblems.Althoughthissituationisprobablytemporary,muchuncommittedtechnology,developedatgovernmentexpenseorwrittenoffbymajorcorporations,isava
