环境科学交叉关系学科课后题答案第二章.doc

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1、CHAPTERTWO1.Therate,scaleandcomplexityofinteractionsbetweenpeopleandenvironmenthaveseenunprecedentedincreases.Wearebeginningtorealizeourinterrelatednesswithourenvironment,astheenvironmentalchangesbecomesobviousduetotechnologyadvanceandthepublicawarenessincreasedintheimportanceofnatural

2、environment.Thereforeanewethiciscalledfortomeetthechallenges.2.Ideally,thelawsofaparticularnationorcommunityshouldmatchtheethicalcommitmentsofthoselivingthere,butitmaytakealongperiodofstruggleanddebateinreality,astheabolitionofslavery,women’sequalitywithmen.However,noteveryethicallyrig

3、htactionhasasupportinglaw.Incaseofenvironmentalissues,sometimesisappropriateislegislatesomething,likeemissionofpollutants,whilesometimesactionshouldbeleftuptothepersonalethicalcommitment,whichisdeterminedbycertainsocial/economicpressuresandworksbetterontheindividuallevel.3.Anthropocent

4、rism(humancenteredethic)istheviewthatallenvironmentalresponsibilityisderivedfromhumaninterestsalone.Biocentrism(life-centeredethic)isthatallformsoflifehaveaninherentrighttoexist.Ecocentrismmaintainstheenvironmentdeservesdirectmoralconsideration,insteadofwhatismerelyderivedfromhuman/ani

5、malinterests.Theenvironmentitselfhasmoralworth.4.ThedevelopmentapproachassumesthathumanraceisandshouldbemasterofnatureandthattheEarthanditsresourcesexistsolelyforourbenefitandpleasure.Itthinkshighlyofhumancreativityandingenuityandholdsthatcontinualeconomicgrowthisamoralidealforsociety.

6、Thepreservationistapproachstrivestokeeplargeportionsofnatureintactbecausenatureisregardedtohaveintrinsicvalueapartfromhumanuses.Natureisnotaresourcebutarefugefromeconomicactivity.Theconservationistapproachstrikesthebalancebetweenunrestraineddevelopmentandpreservationism.Conservationist

7、stendtoconsiderawiderangeoflong-termhumangoodsintheiraboutenvironmentalmanagement.5.Environmentaljusticeisacriticalcomponentofenvironmentalprotection.Itiscloselyrelatedtocivilrights,andnogroupofpeople,includingracial,ethnicorsocioeconomicgroups,shouldbearadisproportionateshareofthene