环境科学交叉关系学科课后题参考答案第八、九章

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1、1.Earlyinhumanhistory,peoplebegantouseadditionalsourcesofenergytomaketheirlivesmorecomfortable.Theydomesticatedplantsandanimalstoprovideamoredependablesupplyoffood.Domesticatedanimalsfurnishedasourceofenergyfortransportation,farming,andothertasks.Theyprovidedpeoplewithasourceofpowerotherthantheir

2、ownmuscles.2.Transportation,Residential,commercialandindustrialneeds3.CentraItotheIndustrialRevolutionwastheinventionofsteamengine,whichcouldconvertheatenergyintotheenergyofmotion.Themajorheatenergyproduceriscoalandthesteamenginemadepossiblethelarge-scaleminingofcoal.Nationswithoutasourceofcoalor

3、thosepossessingcoalreservesthatwerenoteasilyexploitedthusdidn'tparticipateintheIndustrialRevolution.4.Inventionofsteamengine,coaldiscoveryandminingaswellaswoodshortagesindenselypopulatedareas.5.Theinventionoftheinternalcombustionengineandtheautomobiledramaticallyincreasedthedemandforoilproducts.T

4、heprosperingautomobileindustryandroadconstructionleadtomoreenergyconsumption,creatingmoredemandforoil.6.a.Governmentpolicyhaskeptthecostofenergyartificiallylowandsupportedtheautomobileindustrywhileremovingsupportforbusandrailtransport・b.Theconvenieneeofrapidtravelprovidedbyautomobiles・7.(1)Imposi

5、ngtaxesonenergy(2)Grantingsubsidiestoenergyproducers6.Electricityisbothawaythatenergyisconsumedandawaythatitissupplied.(secondaryenergy)Thetransportationofelectricalenergyissimpleandtheusestowhichitcanbeputarevaried・9.a.Theconsumptionofelectricityb.Thegovernmentregulationsc.Theavailabilityofresou

6、rcesthatcouldproduceelectricity1.Residentialandcommercialenergyuse;industrialenergyuse;transportationenergyuse・2.OPECnationscontrolover75%oftheworld'sestimatedoilreservesof1,400billionbarrelsofoil;Today'seconomyishighlydependentonoilasasourceofenergy.Thus,OPECcountriescansetthepriceofoilthroughco

7、llectiveaction.12.Political:IncreasedsolidarityamongOPECcountriesandcontinuingpoliticalinstabilityintheMiddleEasthadmadeoilpricestopeakatoverUS$147perbarrelinmid・2008.Economic:Theworldwideeconomicrecessionthatbeganabou