财务报表与财务管理知识分析.ppt

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1、Chapter2&3FinancialStatementsandAnalysis(財務報表與財務分析)TheStockholders’ReportTheguidelinesusedtoprepareandmaintainfinancialrecordsandreportsaregenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples(GAAP)(用於準備與維持財務記錄及報告的指導方針是一般會計原則(GAPP)).SourcesofFinancialInformation(財務資訊的來源

2、)AnnualReport(年報：主要的資訊來源):年報中包括2種資訊公司總經理的公開信(lettertostockholders)4種基本的財務報表(financialstatements)美國的證管會(SEC)&臺灣的金管會2.1-2.2TheBalanceSheet&IncomeStatement(資產負債表&損益表)Theincomestatementprovidesafinancialsummaryofacompany’soperatingresultsduringaspecifiedperi

3、od.(流量的觀念)Thebalancesheetpresentsasummaryofafirm’sfinancialpositionatagivenpointintime.(存量的觀念)TheBalanceSheetIdentityis:Assets≡Liabilities+Stockholder’sEquityTheaccountingdefinitionofincomeis:Revenue–Expenses≡IncomeBalanceSheetAnalysisWhenanalyzingabalan

4、cesheet,theFinanceManagershouldbeawareofthreeconcerns:Accountingliquidity(會計的變現性)Debtversusequity(債務v.s.權益)Valueversuscost(價值v.s.成本)AccountingLiquidity(變現性/流動性)Referstotheeaseandquicknesswithwhichassetscanbeconvertedtocash—withoutasignificantlossinvalue(

5、所謂變現性是指在沒有嚴重損失價值之下，可以容易且快速的將資產轉換成現金)Currentassetsarethemostliquid.(流動資產最具變現性)Somefixedassetsareintangible.(某些固定資產是無形資產)Themoreliquidafirm’sassets,thelesslikelythefirmistoexperienceproblemsmeetingshort-termobligations.(企業的資產越具變現性，則企業越不可能經歷無法滿足短期債務的問題)Liqu

6、idassetsfrequentlyhavelowerratesofreturnthanfixedassets.(變現性高的資產之報酬率會比固定資產者低)DebtversusEquityCreditorsgenerallyreceivethefirstclaimonthefirm’scashflow.Shareholder’sequityistheresidualdifferencebetweenassetsandliabilities.ValueversusCostUnderGAAP,auditedf

7、inancialstatementsoffirmsintheU.S.carryassetsatcost.Marketvalueisthepriceatwhichtheassets,liabilities,andequitycouldactuallybeboughtorsold,whichisacompletelydifferentconceptfromhistoricalcost.TheIncomeStatementTheoperationssection(營運部分)oftheincomestateme

8、ntreportsthefirm’srevenuesandexpensesfromprincipaloperations.Thenon-operatingsection(非營運部分)oftheincomestatementincludesallfinancingcosts,suchasinterestexpense.Usuallyaseparatesectionreportstheamountoftaxesleviedonincome.Ne