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1、被动语态的使用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态,这时往往不用by短语。“Mr.White,thecupwithmixturewasbrokenafterclass.”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了,不知是谁弄坏的,或不想说出谁弄坏的)。2.突出或强调动作的承受者,如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by短语。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者,也不是动作的承受者时,这时常用in+名词作状语,而代替by短语。The
2、secarsweremadeinChina.15,000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory.语态转换时要注意的问题1.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个不动,一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday./Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词,如上句还可以说:Apresentwasgiventomeyester
3、day.注意:一般在下列动词后,常在间接宾语前用介词to,如:bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。Thecupwithmixturewasshowedtotheclass.Mybikewaslenttoher.一般在下列动词后,间接宾语前用介词for,如:build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。Mother
4、mademeanewskirt.(Anewskirtwasmadeforme.)hemeatwascookedforus.Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.有些既不用to也不用for,根据动词与介词的搭配关系。Heaskedmeaquestion.(Aquestionwasaskedofme.)PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall.TheGreatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld.(不用by短语)2.由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动
5、词,把它们看成一个及物动词,介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有:不及物动词+介词,如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物动词+副词:如:bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putawa
6、y,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather.3.带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时,一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语,而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如:Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.Shetoldustofollowherinstruction
7、s.→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意:在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to,但改成被动语态后都带to,这时不定式为主语补足语,也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.注意:带有复合宾语的句子,如果宾语补足语是名词,变被动句时,应将宾语变为主语,不要误把宾语补足语的名
8、词作主语。如:TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples.误:Loveappleswerecalledthem.正:Theywerecalledloveapples