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1、Chapter1IntroductionJAMESH.CLARK1.1Chemistry—Past,PresentandFuture1.2TheCostsofWaste1.3TheGreeningofChemistrySustainabledevelopment,Cleanerproduction,Atomeconomy,Efactor,PrinciplesofGreenChemistry,Life-cycleassessment1.1Chemistry—Past,PresentandFutureChemicalpro
2、ductsmakeaninvaluablecontributiontothequalityofourlivesandplayafundamentalroleinalmosteveryaspectofmodernsociety.PharmaceuticalsproductsIntwentiethcentury,Worldpopulation:from1.6to6billion,Lifeexpectancy:almost60%↑CropprotectionandgrowthenhancementchemicalsTheen
3、ormouspopulationsdemandwesternlevelsThepublicimageofthechemicalindustryhasbadlydeterioratedinthelasttenyears...Insomeofthemajorcentresofchemicalsmanufacturingmorepeoplegavepositivethannegativeviews,butformanyEuropeancountriestheratioofunfavourabletofavourablevie
4、wswasalarminglyhigh.1.1Chemistry—Past,PresentandFutureFigure1.1Trendsinthefavourabilitytothechemicalindustryofthegeneralpublic(smoothedplots)(basedonMORIOpinionPollfiguresintheperiod1980–2000).IntheUK,asteadydeclineinpublicperceptionofthechemicalsindustriesoverm
5、anyyearsisclearlyevident.Itisespeciallydisturbingtoanalysethesurveydatamorecloselyandtonotethatthe16–24yearagegrouphasthelowestopinionofthechemicalsindustries.1.1Chemistry—Past,PresentandFutureFigure1.2TrendinthenumberofapplicationstostudychemistryinUKuniversiti
6、es(source:UCASUniversitiesandCollegesAdmissionsServices).Atpresent,thepoorimageofchemistryisadverselyaffectingdemand.IntheUK,thenumberofapplicantstoreadchemistryatuniversityhasbeenfallingsteadilyforseveralyearsThenumberofapplicantstoreadchemicalengineeringiseven
7、morealarming(<1000intheyear2000intheUK)Viewoftwentiethcenturychemicalmanufacturing(1)Startwithapetroleum-basedfeedstock.(2)Dissolveitinasolvent.(3)Addareagent.(4)Reacttoformanintermediatechemical.(5)Repeat(2)–(4)severaltimesuntilthefinalproductisobtained;discard
8、allwasteandspentreagent;recyclesolventwhereeconomicallyviable.(6)Transporttheproductworldwide,oftenforlong-termstorage.(7)Releasetheproductintotheecosystemwithoutprop
