高中化学选修5化学方程式总汇.doc

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1、有机化学方程式（选修五）烷烃（甲烷为例）1．甲烷和氯气发生取代反应CH4+Cl2光照CH3Cl+HClCH3Cl+Cl2光照CH2Cl2+HClCH2Cl2+Cl2光照CHCl3+HClCHCl3+Cl2光照CCl4+HCl点燃2．CnH2n+2＋(3n＋1)/2O2nCO2＋(n＋1)H2O烯烃（乙烯为例）1．CH2=CH2＋Br2→CH2Br—CH2Br催化剂催化剂2．CH2=CH2＋H2OCH3CH2OH3．CH2=CH2＋HClCH3CH2Cl催化剂△4．CH2=CH2＋H2CH3—CH3催化剂5．nCH2=CH2[CH2—CH2]n点燃6．CnH2n＋3

2、n/2O2nCO2＋nH2O炔烃（乙炔为例）催化剂△1．CH≡CH＋2H2CH3—CH3催化剂△2．CH≡CH＋HClCH2=CHCl3.CH≡CH＋Br2→CHBr=CHBr4．CH≡CH＋2Br2→CHBr2—CHBr2Cl催化剂5．nCH2=CHCl[CH2—CH]n催化剂加热、加压6．C4H10C2H4＋C2H64苯浓硫酸55～60℃1．＋HNO3—NO2＋H2OFeCl32．＋Br2(液溴)—Br＋HBr催化剂△3．＋3H2苯的同系物（甲苯为例）CH3O2N——NO2NO2CH3浓硫酸55～60℃3．＋3HNO3＋3H2OCH3—COOHKMnO4(H+

3、)4、H2O△170℃卤代烃（溴乙烷为例）1．CH3CH2Br＋NaOHCH3CH2OH＋NaBr醇△2．CH3CH2Br＋NaOHCH2=CH2↑＋NaBr＋H2O醇1．2CH3CH2OH＋2Na→2CH3CH2ONa＋H2↑△浓硫酸170℃2．CH3CH2OH＋HBrCH3CH2Br＋H2O3．CH3CH2OHCH2=CH2↑＋H2O浓硫酸140℃4．2CH3CH2OHCH3CH2—O—CH2CH3＋H2O4催化剂△5．2CH3CH2OH＋O22CH3CHO＋2H2O催化剂△6．2CH3CH(OH)CH3＋O22CH3COCH3＋H2O催化剂△7.C(CH3)

4、3OH＋O2很难被氧化ONaOH酚（苯酚为例）1．2＋2Na→2＋H2↑ONaOH2．＋NaOH→＋H2OOHONa3．＋CO2＋H2O→＋NaHCO3OHONa4．＋Na2CO3→＋NaHCO3OHBr——BrBrOH5．＋3Br2→↓＋3HBrFeCl3溶液OH6.溶液呈紫色4醛（乙醛为例）催化剂△1．CH3CHO＋H2CH3CH2OH催化剂△2．2CH3CHO＋O22CH3COOH△3．CH3CHO＋2[Ag(NH3)2]OHCH3COONH4＋3NH3＋H2O＋2Ag↓△4．CH3CHO＋2Cu(OH)2+NaOHCH3COONa＋Cu2O↓＋3H2O羧酸

5、浓硫酸△1．CH3CHOOH＋CH3CH2OHCH3COOCH2CH3＋H2O酯稀硫酸△1．CH3COOCH2CH3＋H2OCH3CHOOH＋CH3CH2OH△2.CH3COOCH2CH3＋NaOHCH3CHOONa＋CH3CH2OH4