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1、Transnationalcompaniesasasourceofskillupgrading:TheelectronicsindustryinHoChiMinhCityOriginalResearchArticleGeoforumThispaperemploysannualdataforMalaysiafrom1970to2008toexaminethecausalrelationshipbetweeneconomicgrowth,electricitygeneration,exportsandpric

2、esinamultivariatemodel.WefindthatthereisunidirectionalGrangercausalityrunningfromeconomicgrowthtoelectricitygeneration.However,neithertheexport-lednorhandmaidentheoriesoftradearesupportedandthereisnocausalrelationshipbetweenpricesandeconomicgrowth.Thepoli

3、cyimplicationofthisresultisthatelectricityconservationpolicies,includingefficiencyimprovementmeasuresanddemandmanagementpolicies,whicharedesignedtoreducethewastageofelectricityandcurtailgenerationcanbeimplementedwithouthavinganadverseeffectonMalaysia'seco

4、nomicgrowth.ArticleOutline1.Introduction2.Malaysiancontext3.Existingliterature4.Hypotheses5.Econometricmethodology5・1・Cointegration5.2.Grangercausality6.Data7.Empiricalresults8.Discussionofresultsandpolicyimplications9.Conclusion,limitationsanddirectionsf

5、orfutureresearchReferencesMultivariateGrangercausalitybetweenelectricitygeneration,exports,pricesandGDPinMalaysiaOriginalResearchArticleEnergyEmploymentandtraininginTNCsconstituteapotentialroutethroughwhichFDI-ledindustrializationcancontributetonationalan

6、dregionaldevelopmentandeconomicgrowth.ThearticleexploresthislinkthroughthecaseofTNCsintheelectronicsindustryinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.TheskillupgradingcontributionofTNCsisrelatedtothetypeoffactorieslocatedinVietnamandtheroletheyplayinregionalproduct!onnetwo

7、rksusingamodelcombiningthereverseproductcycleandregionalwavesofFDI.MostelectronicsfactoriesinVietnamare丫eproductionfactories'withmaturetechnologyandanarrowroleinbasiccomponentmanufacturing;itisshownthattheircontributiontoskillupgradingiscorrespondinglynar

8、row.Trainingforthemajorityofemployeesisverysimple,andthosewhoreceiveadditionaltrainingdothisespeciallyinlabourmanagement，notintechnicalfields・Onlyasmallgroupofengineersreceiveadvaneedtechnicaltraining,inVietnamandin