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1、Transnationalcompaniesasasourceofskillupgrading:TheelectronicsindustryinHoChiMinhCity  OriginalResearchArticleGeoforumThispaperemploysannualdataforMalaysiafrom1970to2008toexaminethecausalrelationshipbetweeneconomicgrowth,electricitygeneration,exportsandprice

2、sinamultivariatemodel.WefindthatthereisunidirectionalGrangercausalityrunningfromeconomicgrowthtoelectricitygeneration.However,neithertheexport-lednorhandmaidentheoriesoftradearesupportedandthereisnocausalrelationshipbetweenpricesandeconomicgrowth.Thepolicyim

3、plicationofthisresultisthatelectricityconservationpolicies,includingefficiencyimprovementmeasuresanddemandmanagementpolicies,whicharedesignedtoreducethewastageofelectricityandcurtailgenerationcanbeimplementedwithouthavinganadverseeffectonMalaysia’seconomicgr

4、owth.ArticleOutline1.Introduction2.Malaysiancontext3.Existingliterature4.Hypotheses5.Econometricmethodology5.1.Cointegration5.2.Grangercausality6.Data7.Empiricalresults8.Discussionofresultsandpolicyimplications9.Conclusion,limitationsanddirectionsforfuturere

5、searchReferencesMultivariateGrangercausalitybetweenelectricitygeneration,exports,pricesandGDPinMalaysia  OriginalResearchArticleEnergyEmploymentandtraininginTNCsconstituteapotentialroutethroughwhichFDI-ledindustrializationcancontributetonationalandregionalde

6、velopmentandeconomicgrowth.ThearticleexploresthislinkthroughthecaseofTNCsintheelectronicsindustryinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.TheskillupgradingcontributionofTNCsisrelatedtothetypeoffactorieslocatedinVietnamandtheroletheyplayinregionalproductionnetworksusingamodel

7、combiningthereverseproductcycleandregionalwavesofFDI.MostelectronicsfactoriesinVietnamare‘reproductionfactories’withmaturetechnologyandanarrowroleinbasiccomponentmanufacturing;itisshownthattheircontributiontoskillupgradingiscorrespondinglynarrow.Trainingfort

8、hemajorityofemployeesisverysimple,andthosewhoreceiveadditionaltrainingdothisespeciallyinlabourmanagement,notintechnicalfields.Onlyasmallgroupofengineersreceiveadvancedtechnicaltraining,inVietnam