U2语音学与音系学01.doc

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1、Chapter2ExercisesI.Definethefollowingterms.1.Phonetics:Thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguage.2.Articulatoryphonetics:thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.3.Acousticphonetics:thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspe

2、ech.4.Auditoryphonetics:thestudyoftheperceptionofspeechsounds.5.Voiceless:Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.6.Voiced:Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.7.

3、Broadtranscription:Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.8.Narrowtranscription:Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsandthediacritics.9.IPA:Astandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonictranscription,itsbasicprincipleisusingadifferentletterforeachdistinguis

4、hablespeechsound.10.Vowels:Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.11.Consonants:Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconso

5、nants.12.Phonology:Thestudyofsoundsystem-theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.13.Phoneme:thesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatcansignaladifferenceinmeaning.14.Allophone:Differentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledt

6、heallophonesofthatphoneme.15.Phone:Aphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.Itisaspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.16.Minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformami

7、nimalpair.17.Suprasegmentalfeatures:Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelorthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.II.Indicatethefollowingstatementstrueorfalse.1.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwri