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1、IntroductionAustin'sSpeechActTheorySearle'sIndirectSpeechActTheory--ClassificationofIndirectSpeechActsItsRelationswithOtherPragmaticTheoriesIntroductionThetheoryofindirectspeechactswasputforwardbytheAmericanphilosopheroflanguageJohnSearle.ItoriginatedfromAust
2、in'stheory,butmadesomerevisions.OneofSearle'scontributionsliesinhisunderstandingoftheimportanceofspeechacts.Heregardsaspeechactasabasicunitinsocialcommunication,yetnotawordorasentence.Thismeansthathistheorypaysmuchattentiontothefunctionsratherthantheformsofla
3、nguages.Austin'sSpeechActTheoryItallbeginswithAustin's)distinctionbetweentwokindsofsentences:performatives(施为句)andconstatives（叙事句）.Austinarguesthattheutteringofaperformativesentenceisactuallydoinganaction."InominateJohntobePresident",“Isentenceyoutotenyears’i
4、mprisionment","Ipromisetopayyouback."Inthesetypical,ratherexplicitcasesofperformativesentences,theactionthatthesentencedescribes(nominating,sentencing,promising)isperformedbytheutteranceofthesentenceitself.Later,whenAustintriestoseparateperformativesfromconst
5、atives,herealizesthedifficultyindistinguishingthemfromapart.Infact,allsentencescanbeusedtoperformspeechacts.Inordertoexplaininwhatsensetosaysomethingistodosomething,Austinclassifiesthreekindsofspeechacts:1)locutionaryact（言内行为）–themovementofvocalorganstoproduc
6、eastretchofmeaningfulsounds,2)illocutionaryact（言外行为）-themakingofastatement,offer,promise,etc.tofulfillthepurposeofspeaking.(3)perlocutionaryact（言后行为）–theeffectsleftontheaudiences.Thesecondspeechact,i.e.illocutionaryact,isthefocusofAustin'sresearch,becausethei
7、llocutionofanutteranceisthespeaker'scommunicativeintentionorthefunctionitisintendedtoperform.Inthissense,Austin'sspeechacttheoryisactuallyatheoryofillocutionaryacts.Hispreviousresearchfocusperformativestheninfactbelongstoaspecialgroupofillocutionaryactswhicha
8、reexpressedexplicitly.Searle'sIndirectSpeechActTheorySearlecontinueshisteacher'sresearchonillocutionaryacts,andfindsthatactuallyallthespeechactscanbeseenasillocutionaryacts.Hemakessomerev
