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1、Chapter6Pragmatics6.1Introduction6.1.1Background6.1.2Definition6.2Micropragmatics6.2.1Reference（指称）6.2.2Dexis（指示）6.2.3Anaphora（照应）6.2.4Presupposition（预设）6.3Macropragmatics6.3.1Speechacttheory（言语行为理论）6.3.2TheCooperativePrinciple（合作原则）6.3.3ThePolitenessPrinciple（礼貌原则）6.1IntroductionWhenadip
2、lomatsaysyes,hemeans‘perhaps’;Whenhesaysperhaps,hemeans‘no’;Whenhesaysno,heisnotadiplomat.Whenaladysaysno,shemeans‘perhaps’;Whenshesaysperhaps,shemeans‘yes’;Whenshesaysyes,sheisnotalady.Voltaire(Quoted,inSpanish,inEscandell1993.)speaker’smeaning/languageinuseAmelamed[/mə‘lɑ:məd/，小学教师,Hebr
3、ewteacher]discoveringthathehadlefthiscomfortableslippersbackinthehouse,sentastudentafterthemwithanoteforhiswife.Thenotereads:`Sendmeyourslipperswiththisboy`.Whenthestudentaskedwhyhehadwritten`your`slippers,themelamedanswered:`Yold![Fool!]IfIwrote“my”slippers,shewouldread“myslippersandwoul
4、dsendherslippers.WhatcouldIdowithherslippers?SoIwrote“your”slippers,she'llread“yourslippersandsendmemine.”Backgroundof“Pragmatics”CharlesMorris(1903–1979)wasconcernedwiththestudyofthescienceofsigns,whichhecalledsemiotic.Hedistinguished3branchesofsemiotics（符号三分法）:Syntaxaddressestheformalre
5、lationsofsignstooneanother,semanticstherelationofsignstowhattheydenote,andpragmaticstherelationofsignstotheirusersandinterpreters.Pragmaticsisthestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticformsandtheusersofthoseforms.Inthisthree-partdistinction,onlypragmaticsallowshumansintotheanalysis.Defin
6、itions1“Pragmaticsisthestudyofspeaker’smeaning.”2“Pragmaticsisthestudyofcontextualmeaning”3“Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowmoregetscommunicatedthanissaid”4“Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheexpressionofrelativedistance.”(Yule:2008).Pragmaticsisastudyoflanguageinuse.6.2MicropramaticsIwaswaitingforthebus,
7、buthejustdrovebywithoutstopping.Tostudythemeaningofsuchpiecesoflanguageinsmallercontextsiscalledmicropragmatics.Phenomenasuchasreference,deixis,anaphora,andpresupposition,arethetopicsinthisfield.6.2.1ReferenceInthereferentialtheory(namingtheory),itisassumedthatthewo
