有机化学双语版++Alkanes+1.ppt

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1、2.1Classesofhydrocarbons2.2StructuresofAlkanes2.2.1StructuresofAlkanessp3HybridizedorbitalStructureofmetnaneStructureofethaneShapesofalkanes2.2.2IsomerizationofAlkanes2.3NomenclatureofAlkanes2.3.1UnbranchedAlkanes:Chapter2Alkanes2.3.2BranchedAlkanes2.3.3Branchedalkylgroups2.3.4C

2、ycloalkaneNomenclature2.4PropertiesofAlkanesandCycloalkanes2.5Conformation(构象)ofAlkanesandCycloalkanes2.5.1ConformationofAlkanes1.ConformationalAnalysisofEthane2.ConformationalAnalysisofButane2.5.2ConformationofCyclohexane1.Cis-transisomerisminCyclohexane2.ConformationofCyclohex

3、ane3.ConformationalAnalysisofMono-substitutedCyclohenaxes4.ConformationalAnalysisofDisubstitutedcyclohexanesHydrocarbons(烃)C.HelementsAliphatic(脂肪的)Aromatic(芳香的)CycloalkanesAlkenesAlkynes2.1ClassesofHydrocarbonsAlkanesSaturatedUnsaturatedHydrocarbonsAlkanesAlkenesalkynes2.2Struc

4、turesofAlkanesP35,1.15-1.162.2.1StructuresofAlkanesC:1s22s22px12py12pz0ElectronicconfigurationingroundstateofacarbonatomHybridorbitals(杂化轨道):Groundstate2p2s1sPromotionofelectronExitedstate2p2s1ssp3-Hybridizedstate1ssp3Hybri-dized2s2py2pz2pxAnsp3orbital¼sorbital¾porbital4tetrahed

5、ralsp3orbitalsGeometricstructure:tetrahedron109.5°109.5°Fourtetrahedralsp3orbitalTheStructureofMethane4equivalentC－Ｈσ键Bondangle:109.5°C:sp3orbitalH:1sorbitalGeometricstructure:tetrahedronAball-and-stickmodelofmethaneAspaceandfillingmodelofmethaneTheStructureofethaneP14,1.8C2H6CH

6、3CH3Thecarbon-carbonbondisformedbyσoverlapof2carbonsp3hybridorbitals.CCHHHCCHHHσbondThecharacterofσbond:Higherbondenergy;Lowerpolarizability；Rotationaboutbondaxes.Anball-and-stickmodelofethane(球棒模型)ShapesofalkanesZigzagnotstraight（曲折性）2.2.2IsomerizationofAlkanesP41,2.2Beginningw

7、ithC4H10n-PentaneStraight-chain,unbranchedalkanesornormalalkanesIsopentaneNeopentaneBranched-chainalkaneGeneralformule:CnH2n+2ConstitutionalIsomers(构造异构体)2.3NomenclatureofAlkanesP44CommonnomenclatureIsohexaneIUPACNomenclature:2.3.1UnbranchedAlkanes:AlkanesAlkylgroupAbbreviationM

8、ethaneMethylMeCH3CH3CH3CH2EtEthaneEthylCH3CH2CH