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1、Lesson11.ForEnglishisakiller.ItisEnglishthathaskilledoffCumbric,Cornish,NornandManx.TherearestillpartsoftheseislandswheresizeablecommunitiesspeaklanguagesthatweretherebeforeEnglish.YetEnglishiseverywhereineverydayuseandunderstoodbyallorvirtuallyall,constitutingsuchath
2、reattothethreeremainingCelticlanguages,Irish,ScottishGaelic,andWelsh...thattheirlong-termfuturemustbeconsidered...verygreatlyatrisk.因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。在这些岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就己存在的语言。然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对现存的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大
3、,它们的未来岌岌可危。2.Healsoassociatedsuchpolicieswithaprejudicewhichhecallslinguicism(aconditionparalleltoracismandsexisin).AsPhillipsonseesit,leadinginstitutionsandindividualswithinthepredominantly"white,,English-speakingworld,have(bydesignordefault)encouragedoratleasttolera
4、ted一andcertainlyhavenotopposed一thehegemonicspreadofEnglish,aspreadwhichbegansomethreecenturiesagoaseconomicandcolonialexpansion.他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视(和种族歧视、性別歧视的情况类似)的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看來,在以白人英语为主导的世界,最重要的机构和个人(有意或无意地)鼓励或者至少是容忍了(肯定没有反对)英语霸权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。3.Byandlarg
5、e,wenowviewthemasmoreorlessbenign,andoftentalkwithadmirationandappreciationabouttheculturesassociatedwiththemandwhattheyhavegiventotheworld.Anditisfairlysafetodothis,becausenoneofthemnowposesmuchofathreat.总的来说,我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时,我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏,而且这
6、样做也没有太大的风险,因为这些语言现在己不会构成什么威胁。4.YetmanypeopleseeEnglishasablessing.Letmeleaveasideheretheobviousadvantagespossessedbyanyworldlanguage,suchasalargecommunicativenetwork,astrongliteraryandmediacomplex,andapowerfulculturalandeducationalapparatus.然而,许多人把英语看成是一件幸事C在此,我暂且不谈任何
7、世界语言所具有的明显优势,例如广泛的通信网,强大的文化传媒体系,及强有力的文化教育机构。5.English-speakingSouthAfricansofBritishdescentwerenotparticularlystronginopposingtheapartheidregime,andtheblackopposition,whosemembershadmanylanguages,wasatfirstweakanddisorganized.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权,而黑人反对力量,其成员讲多种语言,在初
8、期软弱无力且缺乏组织。6.Suchsymbolismsuggeststhattheusersoftheworld'slinguafrancashouldseektobenefitasfullyaspossiblefromtheblessingand