Separation of Powers美国三权分立,权利制衡.ppt

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1、SeparationofPowersInAmerica英法1201班董伊菲OriginofTheoryJohnLockewasanEnglishphilosopherandphysicianregardedasoneofthemostinfluentialofEnlightenmentthinkersandknownasthe"FatherofClassicalLiberalism".ThepublicationofTHESECONDTREATISEOFGOVERNMENTimpliedtheelementaryfomationoftheseperationofpower.Devel

2、opmentofTheoryThetermtripartitesystemThetermtripartitesystemisascribedtoFrenchEnlightenmentpoliticalphilosopherBarondeMontesquieu.Montesquieu'sapproachwastopresentanddefendaformofgovernmentwhichwasnotexcessivelycentralizedinallitspowerstoasinglemonarchorsimilarruler.InTheSpiritoftheLaws(1748),M

3、ontesquieudescribedtheseparationofpoliticalpoweramongalegislature,anexecutive,andajudiciary.DevelopmentinAmericaIntheUnitedStatesConstitution,Article1SectionIgivesCongressonlythose"legislativepowershereingranted"andproceedstolistthosepermissibleactionsinArticleISection8,whileSection9listsaction

4、sthatareprohibitedforCongress.ThevestingclauseinArticleIIplacesnolimitsontheExecutivebranch,simplystatingthat,"TheExecutivePowershallbevestedinaPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica."TheSupremeCourtholds"ThejudicialPower"accordingtoArticleIII,anditestablishedtheimplicationofJudicialreviewinMarbur

5、yv.MadisonundertheMarshallcourt.ModernsystemLegistiveBranch(TheCongress)ExecutiveBranch(ThePresident)JudicialBranch(TheCourt)Congressapprovespresidencialnorminationsandconcrolsthebudger.Thepresidentcanvetocongressionallegislation.Thecourtcandeclarelawsunconstitutional.Thepresidentnominatejudges

6、.ThecourtcandeclarepresidentialactsunconstitutionalThecongresscanremovejudgesfromoffice.SEPARATIONLegistiveBranch'spowers(TheCongress)Passesbills;hasbroadtaxingandspendingpower;regulatesinter-statecommerce;controlsthefederalbudget;haspowertoborrowmoneyonthecreditoftheUnitedStates(maybevetoedbyP

7、resident,butvetoesmaybeoverriddenwithatwo-thirdsvoteofbothhouses)Hassolepowertodeclarewar,aswellastoraise,support,andregulatethemilitary.Oversees,investigates,andmakestherulesforthegovernmentanditsofficers.ExecutiveBranch'spowers(