国际贸易理论与实务Ch.6课件Nontariffs.ppt

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1、CHAPTER6IMPORTPROTECTIONPOLICY:NON-TARIFFBARRIERSFormsofnon-tariffbarriersEffectsofnon-tariffbarrierstariffsQuantitycontrolmeasures(1)Non-automaticlicence:Animportlicencewhichisnotgrantedautomatically.Issuedonadiscretionarybasisorrequirespecificcriteriatobemetbeforeitisgranted.(2)Quot

2、aGovernment-imposedrestrictiononquantity,orsometimesontotalvalue.(weight,units,value)①Absolutequota:whentheimportsreachthequota,nomore.(i)Globalquota:unallocated(ii)Countryquota:allocated,foraspecifiedcountryCertificateoforiginisrequired.§1FormsofNon-tariffBarriers②Tariffratequota:All

3、owsalimitedquantityofspecifiedmerchandiseintoacountryatareduceddutyrateduringaspecifiedperiod.Thelowertariffratesapplyuptoaquotaofimports,andthehigherratesarechargedonimportswhichexceedthequotaamount.Forexample,ifthetariffontireswas5%forthefirst100,000imported,itmightmoveto10%foranyad

4、ditionalimportationoftires.Tariffratequotasmayalsobeonacountrybasisoronglobalbasis.Quotasaremorecertainandpreciseastraderestraintthanaretariffs.Aquotasystemlimitswithcertaintytheextentofforeigncompetitioninthedomesticmarket.Quotasprovidegreaterflexibilityinbargainingandadministration.

5、Quotasusuallyrequirealicensingsystemandanagencytodistributethequotasharestodomesticimporters.Inequitiesandcorruptionmayoccurintheallocationofquotas.(3)Quantitativesafeguardmeasures:Thesemeasuresareadoptedwhenthegovernmentoftheimportingcountrywishestopreventorremedyseriousinjuriesres

6、ultingfromasuddenincreaseofimports,ortofacilitateadjustmentandhaveeffectonquantitativerestrictions.(4)Prohibition:ProhibitionIncludestotalprohibition,aprohibitionwithoutanyconditionsorqualificationsandotherprohibitionsforspecialreasons.(5)“Voluntary”exportrestraints(VERs):Anexportingc

7、ountry“voluntarily”limitsitsexportsinordertoavoidimpositionofmandatoryrestrictionsbytheimportingcountry.Alegallydistinctbutfunctionallyidenticalmechanismtocreateaquantitativebarriertoimports.TwowidelypublicizedVERs:In1981,Japansetalevelof1.68millionunitsonannualJapanesecarexportstothe

8、USA(t