国际贸易专业英语lesson 1.ppt

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1、国际贸易专业英语（第二版）檀文茹主编UnitOneInternationalTradeTheoriesPre-readingquestions:Whatisinternationaltradeabout?Whataretheincentivesforcountriestoengageininternationaltrade?Whattheoriesoninternationaltradehaveyoustudied?Whichtheoriesdoyouthinkbestexplainthenatureofinternationaltrade?Inwhatwayhavethesetheo

2、rieshelpedyouunderstandinternationaltrade?MercantilismInternationaltradeisazerosumgame,i.e.thatthebenefitwhichonecountrygainsfrominternationaltrademeansacorrespondingdetrimenttoanothercountry.TheAbsoluteCostModelAcountryhasthelowestproductioncostsandsuppliesforeignmarkets,too,asaresult.Example:s

3、ayTurkeyandGreecehavethesameaveragewagelevelTheComparativeCostModelThecomparativecostmodelisbasedontwocountries,twoproductsandonefactorofproduction:labor.Technicalknow-howorthestateoftechnologyisdifferentinthetwocountries.Therearealsoconstantreturnstoscaleandperfectcompetition.TheHeckscher-Ohlin

4、-Samuelson(HOS)ModelThismodelwasalsobasedonthecomparativecostconceptandtheideathatcompetitivepositionsdependonthesupplyconditionsinspecificlocationsandarethereforelinkedtocountries(ratherthancompanies).TheLeontiefParadoxEmpiricalresearchconductedbyLeontiefquitesoonaftertheSecondWorldWarshowedtha

5、tthespecializationprocessintheUS,forexample,didnotcorrespondtowhatHOSpredicted(andthiswasrepeatedlyfoundinlaterresearch).WherefreetradeoughttohavecausedtheAmericanstoconcentrateincreasinglyonproducingrelativelycapital-intensivegoods–thegoodsinwhichtheUShadacomparativeadvantage–thisdidnotappearto

6、bewhathappenedinpractice;theUSimportedrelativelycapital-intensivegoodsinsteadofexportingthem.FactorIntensityReversalAfundamentalcriticismoftheHOSmodelwasthatitassumesthatthesectorscanbearrangedinorderofcapital-intensityandthatthisarrangementisuniversal,i.e.thesameinallcountries.Thisdoesnotappear

7、tobesoinreality:forexample,wheretheagriculturalsectorintheindustrializedcountriesoftenhasaboveaveragecapital-intensity,inthedevelopingcountriesitisoftenhighlylabor-intensiveincomparisonwithothersectorsinthosecountries.Suchap