文化透视讲义(周朝).doc

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1、1.TheZhouPeriod(11thCentury-221B.C.)ThedynastythatreignedforthelongestperiodinChineseHistory;Adynastythatenjoysatoncethereputationofutmosthonorandthenotorietyofutmostchaos;AdynastythatgivesbirthtoacompletephilosophicalsystemthatislaterconsideredthecoreofChinesecultureSubperiodsofZhouDynasty:Iti

2、sdividedintotwosubperiodsbyKingPing’sremovaleastward（平王东迁）in770B.C.WesternZhou(11thct.-770BC)&EasternZhou(770-221BC)EasternZhouisfurthersplitintotwosubperiods:----SpringandAutumnPeriod(770-475BC)----WarringStatesPeriod(475-221BC)①WesternZhou(11thct.-770BC)TheRisingofZhouandtheMandateofHeavenPro

3、to-FeudalismofZhou’sgovernmentsystem:theEnfeoffmentofDukes(分封诸侯）Notice:841B.C.thefirstyearofconsecutiveannualdatingofthehistoryofChina②WhatistheMandateofHeaven?TherighttoruleisgrantedbyHeaven.There’sonlyoneHeaven.Thereforethereshouldbeonlyoneruler.Therighttoruleisbasedonthevirtueoftheruler.Ther

4、ighttoruleisnotlimitedtoonedynasty.③Whatarethepositiveandnegativesidesofsuchanotion?Itgivestherulerprestigeandreligiousimportance.Itgivestherulersupremepower.Itallowsanewrulertogainpowerquickly.Itjustifiesrebellionaslongastherebellionissuccessfulintheend.④EnfeoffmentTheactofinvestingwithanydign

5、ityorpossession.Thistermwasmostlyusedinfeudallaw.Undercommonlaw,theactorprocessoftransferringpossessionandownershipofanestateinlandiscalledenfeoffment.Thepropertyorestatesotransferredcanalsobetermedasenfeoffment.Transactionofalandheldbyapersonunderafeesimplefromonepartytoanothercomesunderenfeof

6、fment.Thereshouldbeawrittenevidenceofthattransaction.TheEnfeoffment(分封制)inWesternZhouChineseandWesternhistorianscallthetypeofgovernmentoftheZhouDynastyakindofproto-feudalsystem(封建制度)becausethoughinmanyparts,thecustomofenfeoffmentresemblestheoneinMiddleAgeEurope,theyarenotidentical.Howdoestheenf

7、eoffmentwork?Allofthosewhowerebestowedwiththeroyaldomainalsoreceiveddifferentranksofnobility,whichwereknownasfiveranks(五爵）：Duke,Marquis,Count,Viscount,Baron.TheemperorofZhou（周天子）ownedthelandandgrantedthedukesthelandanditsresidents