语言学 Chapter4 课后练习答案.doc

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1、Chapter4RevisionExercises1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Whatisphrasestructurerule?Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelements(i.e.specifiers,heads,andcomple

2、ments)thatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.ThephrasestructuralruleforNP,VP,AP,andPPcanbewrittenasfollows:NP→(Det)N(PP)...VP→(Qual)V(NP)...AP→(Deg)A(PP)...PP→(Deg)P(NP)...WecanformulateasinglegeneralphrasalstructuralruleinwhichXstandsfortheheadN,V,AorP.TheXPrule:XP→(sp

3、ecifier)X(complement)3.Whatiscategory?Howtodetermineaword’scategory?Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namelymeaning,infl

4、ectionanddistribution.Themostreliableofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?Thestructureformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctioniscalledcoordinatestructure.Ithasfourimportantproperties:

5、1)thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.2)acategoryatanylevel(aheadoranentireXP)canbecoordinated.3)coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.4)thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoine

6、d.5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?Aphraseusuallycontainsthefollowingelements:head,specifierandcomplement.Sometimesitalsocontainsanotherkindofelementtermedmodifier.Theroleeachelementcanplay:精选范本,供参考！Head:Headisthewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed.Spe

7、cifier:Specifierhasbothspecialsemanticandsyntacticroles.Semantically,ithelpstomakemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead.Syntactically,ittypicallymarksaphraseboundary.Complement:Complementsarethemselvesphrasesandprovideinformationaboutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbytheme

8、aningofthehead.Modifier:Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressible