语言学 Chapter4 课后练习答案

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1、Chapter4RevisionExercises1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Whatisphrasestructurerule?Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelements(i.e.specifiers,heads,andcomplements)that

2、makeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.ThephrasestructuralruleforNP,VP,AP,andPPcanbewrittenasfollows:NP→(Det)N(PP)...VP→(Qual)V(NP)...AP→(Deg)A(PP)...PP→(Deg)P(NP)...WecanformulateasinglegeneralphrasalstructuralruleinwhichXstandsfortheheadN,V,AorP.TheXPrule:XP→(specifier)X(complement

3、)3.Whatiscategory?Howtodetermineaword’scategory?Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namelymeaning,inflectionanddistribution.Themostr

4、eliableofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?Thestructureformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctioniscalledcoordinatestructure.Ithasfourimportantproperties:1)thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinated

5、categoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.2)acategoryatanylevel(aheadoranentireXP)canbecoordinated.3)coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.4)thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoese

6、achelementplay?Aphraseusuallycontainsthefollowingelements:head,specifierandcomplement.Sometimesitalsocontainsanotherkindofelementtermedmodifier.Theroleeachelementcanplay:Head:Headisthewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed.Specifier:Specifierhasbothspecialsemanticandsyntacticroles.Semantically,

7、ithelpstomakemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead.Syntactically,ittypicallymarksaphraseboundary.Complement:Complementsarethemselvesphrasesandprovideinformationaboutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead.Modifier:Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertie