外部性和公共产品理论_英文版.ppt

《外部性和公共产品理论_英文版.ppt》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在应用文档-天天文库。

1、ExternalitiesandPublicGoods1Chapter1Chapter18TopicstobeDiscussedExternalitiesWaysofCorrectingMarketFailureExternalitiesandPropertyRightsCommonPropertyResources2Chapter1Chapter18TopicstobeDiscussedPublicGoodsPrivatePreferencesforPublicGoods3Chapter1Chapter18§1E

2、xternalitiesNegativeActionbyonepartyimposesacostonanotherpartyPositiveActionbyonepartybenefitsanotherparty4Chapter1Chapter18§1.1NegativeExternalitiesScenarioSteelplantdumpingwasteinariverTheentiresteelmarketeffluentcanbereducedbyloweringoutput(fixedproportions

3、productionfunction)5Chapter1Chapter18ExternalCostScenarioMarginalExternalCost(MEC)isthecostimposedonfishermendownstreamforeachlevelofproduction.MarginalSocialCost(MSC)isMCplusMEC.6Chapter1Chapter18MCS=MCIDP1AggregatesocialcostofnegativeexternalityP1q1Q1MSCMSCI

4、Whentherearenegativeexternalities,themarginalsocialcostMSCishigherthanthemarginalcost.ExternalCostsFirmoutputPriceIndustryoutputPriceMECMECIThedifferencesisthemarginalexternalcostMEC.q*P*Q*TheindustrycompetitiveoutputisQ1whiletheefficientlevelisQ*.Theprofitmax

5、imizingfirmproducesatq1whiletheefficientoutputlevelisq*.7Chapter1Chapter18ExternalCostNegativeExternalitiesencourageinefficientfirmstoremainintheindustryandcreateexcessiveproductioninthelongrun.8Chapter1Chapter18§1.2PositiveExternalitiesPositiveExternalitiesan

6、dInefficiencyExternalitiescanalsoresultintoolittleproduction,ascanbeshowninanexampleofhomerepairandlandscaping.9Chapter1Chapter18MCP1ExternalBenefitsRepairLevelValueDIsresearchanddevelopmentdiscouragedbypositiveexternalities?q1MSBMEBWhentherearepositiveexterna

7、lities(thebenefitsofrepairstoneighbors),marginalsocialbenefitsMSBarehigherthanmarginalbenefitsD.q*P*Aself-interestedhomeownerinvestsq1inrepairs.Theefficientlevelofrepairsq*ishigher.ThehigherpriceP1discouragesrepair.10Chapter1Chapter18§2WaysofCorrectingMarketFa

8、ilureAssumption:ThemarketfailureispollutionFixed-proportionproductiontechnologyMustreduceoutputtoreduceemissionsUseanoutputtaxtoreduceoutput11Chapter1Chapter18TheEfficientLevelofEm