2 The Research Enterprise in Psycho.ppt

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1、Chapter2TheResearchEnterpriseinPsychologyFig2.1-Theoryconstruction.Agoodtheorywillgenerateahostoftestablehypotheses.Inatypicalstudy,onlyoneorafewofthesehypothesescanbeevaluated.Iftheevidencesupportsthehypotheses,ourconfidenceinthetheorytheywerederivedfromgenerallygrows.Ifthehypothese

2、sarenotsupported,confidenceinthetheorydecreasesandrevisionstothetheorymaybemadetoaccommodatethenewfindings.Ifthehypothesesgeneratedbyatheoryconsistentlyfailtogarnerempiricalsupport,thetheorymaybediscardedaltogether.Thus,theoryconstructionandtestingisagradualprocess.Fig2.2-Flowchartof

3、stepsinascientificinvestigation.AsillustratedinastudybyColeetal.(1996),ascientificinvestigationconsistsofasequenceofcarefullyplannedsteps,beginningwiththeformulationofatestablehypothesisandendingwiththepublicationofthestudy,ifitsresultsareworthyofexaminationbyotherresearchers.TheScie

4、ntificMethod:TerminologyOperationaldefinitionsareusedtoclarifypreciselywhatismeantbyeachvariableParticipantsorsubjectsaretheorganismswhosebehaviorissystematicallyobservedinastudyDatacollectiontechniquesallowforempiricalobservationandmeasurementStatisticsareusedtoanalyzedataanddecidew

5、hetherhypothesesweresupportedFindingsaresharedthroughreportsatscientificmeetingsandinscientificjournals–periodicalsthatpublishtechnicalandscholarlymaterialAdvantagesofthescientificmethod:clarityofcommunicationandrelativeintoleranceoferrorResearchmethods:generalstrategiesforconducting

6、scientificstudiesExperimentalResearch:LookingforCausesExperiment=manipulationofonevariableundercontrolledconditionssothatresultingchangesinanothervariablecanbeobservedDetectionofcause-and-effectrelationshipsIndependentvariable(IV)=variablemanipulatedDependentvariable(DV)=variableaffe

7、ctedbymanipulationHowdoesXaffectY?X=IndependentVariable,andY=DependentVariableExperimentalandControlGroups:TheLogicoftheScientificMethodExperimentalgroup–subjectswhoreceivesomespecialtreatmentinregardtotheindependentvariableControlgroup–similarsubjectswhodonotreceivethespecialtreatme

8、ntLogic:Twog