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时间:2020-01-29
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1、Howtodothingswithwords(1)HowtoDoThingswithWords(1)b.Areyouserving?c.Hello.d.Sixpintsofstoutandapacketofpeanuts,please!e.Givemethedryroastedones.f.Howmuch?Areyouserious?Suchsentencesarenotdescriptionsandcannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Austin'ssecondobservationwasthateve
2、ninsentenceswiththegrammaticalformofdeclaratives,notallareusedtomakestatements.Austinidentifiedasubsetofdeclarativesthatarenotusetomaketrueorfalsestatements,suchasintheexamplesbelow:a.Ipromisetotakeataxihome.b.Ibetyoufivepoundsthatheget'sbreathalysed.c.Ideclarethis
3、meetingopen.d.Iwarnyouthatlegalactionwillensue.e.InamethisshipTheFlyingDutchman.Austinclaimedofthesesentencesthattheywereinthemselvesakindofaction:thusbyuttering:Ipromisetotakeataxihome.aspeakermakesapromiseratherthanjustdescribingone.Thiskindofutterancehecalledper
4、formativeutterances:intheseexamplestheyperformtheactionnamedbythefirstverbinthesentence,andwecaninserttheadverbherebytostressthisfunction,e.g.Iherebyrequestthatyouleavemyproperty.Wecancontrastperformativeandnon-performativeverbsbythesetwofeatures.Aspeakerwouldnotfo
5、rexampleexpecttheutteringof(a)belowtoconstitutetheactionofcookingacake,or(d)theactionofstartingacar.Thesesentencesdescribeactionsindependentofthelinguisticact.Accordinglytheuseofherebywiththesesentences.a.Icookthiscake.b.?Iherebycookthiscake.d.Istartthiscar.b.?Iher
6、ebystartthiscar.EvaluatingperformativeutterancesAustinarguedthatitisnotusefultoaskwhetherperformativeutteranceslikethoseabovearetrueornot,ratherweshouldaskwhethertheyworkornot:dotheyconstituteasuccessfulwarning,bet,ship-namingetc.?InAustin'sterminologyaperformative
7、thatworksiscalledfelicitousandonethatdoesnotisinfelicitous.Forthemtowork,suchperformativeshavetosatisfythesocialconventionsforaveryobviousexample,IcannotrenameashipbywalkinguptoitindockandsayingInamethisshiptheFlyingDutchman.Lessexplicitly,therearesocialconventions
8、governingthegivingoforderstoco-workers,greetingstrangers,etc.Austin'snamefortheenablingconditionsforaperformativeisfelicityconditions.Examiningth
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