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时间:2020-01-29
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1、lWhyisproductivityuniquetolanguage?Theproductivityoflanguageisthepropertywhichenablesitsuserstoconstructandunderstandanindefinitelylargenumberofutterances,includingthenovelutterancesthattheyhaveneversaidnorheardbefore.Thisfeatureisuniquetohumanlanguagebec
2、ausemostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.Forexample,agibboncallsystemlacksproductivity,forgibbonsdrawalltheircallsfromalimitedrepertoire,whichisrapidlyexhausted,mak
3、inganynoveltyimpossible;andbeedancingisusedonlytoindicatenectarsources,whichistheonlykindofmessagethatcanbesentthroughthedancing.lHowisSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky'sdistinstionbetweencompetenceandperformance?AccordingtoF·de
4、Saussure,languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthiskn
5、owledgeinlinguisticcommunication.FromthesedefinitionswefindthatbothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.Theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy.lWhatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistic
6、s?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?Themajorbranchesoflinguisticsincludephonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics,sociolinguistics,psycholinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified.Phonologystudieshowso
7、undsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning.Morphologystudieshowmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords.Syntaxstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences.Semanticsstudiesmeaning(inabstraction).Pragmaticsstudiesmeaningincontextofuse.Sociolinguisticsstudies
8、languagewithreferencetosociety.Psycholinguisticsstudieslanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemind.Appliedlinguisticsstudiestheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.lWhyissyntaxre
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