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1、1.SynchronicvsdiachronicLanguageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudies
2、thehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.2.LangueandparoleLanguereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersal
3、lhavetoabideby,andparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Paroleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,Itdoesnotchangefrequently,while
4、parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.3.CompetenceandperformanceChomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.AccordingtoChomsky,aspe
5、akerhasinternalizedasetofrulesabouthislanguage,whichenableshimtoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.4.ArbitrarinessAsmentionedearlier,languageisarbitrary.Thismeansthatthereisnologicalc
6、onnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguage.Ontheotherhand,weshouldbeawarethatwhilelanguageisarbitrarybynatureitisnotentirelyarbitrary;certainwordsaremotivated.Thebestexamplesar
7、etheonomatopoeicwords,suchasrumble,crash,cackle,banginEnglish.Besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Forexample,whilephotoandcopyarebotharbitrary,thecompoundwordphotocopyisnotentirelyarbitrary.Butnon-arbitrarywordsmakeuponlyasmallpercentageof
8、thevocabularyofalanguage.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasighofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.5.ProductivityLanguageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibl
