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1、1．PredicativemodalauxilityThePredicativemodalauxilityisacategoryofmodalauxiliary.Thepredictivemeaning,ratherhomogeneousinnature,isconcernedwiththespeaker’sassuptionorassessmentofprobabilityand,inmostcases,indicatesthespeaker’sconfidenceinthetruthofhisstatement.Forexample,might,may,could,can.2
2、.AnaphoricrefernceAnaphoricrefernce:referncebackwardsinthetext.Apersonalpronoun,forexample,oftenhasanaphoricreference,i.e.youhavetolookattheprecedingcontexttoseewhatitrefersto.Forexample,annwasstudyingforherexams.Shefounditdifficulttoconcentrate.Inthisexample,shehasanaphoricreference.3.Non-fi
3、niteverbs:Thenon-finiteverbsaresocalledbecausetheyarenotmarkedforttenseofforsubject-verbconcord.Werecognitethreetypesofnon-finiteverbs:infinitive,-ingparticipleand–edparticiple.4.ExtrapositionTheextrapositionisdefinedasthereplacementofthepostponeditembyasubstituteform.5.TextThetermtextreferst
4、oaunifiedpassage.Atextmaybespokenorwritten,proseorverse,dialogueormonologue.Itmaybeanythingfromasingleproverbtoawholeplay,fromamomentarycryforhelptoall-daydiscussiononacommittee.6.participlesParticiplesbelongtonon-finiteverbtype.Therearetwokindsofparticiples:-ingparticipleand–edparticiple.7.W
5、hatisdanglingparticiple?Whenthesubjectofaparticipleisnotexpressed,itisnormallyunderstoodtobethesubjectofthemainclause.Wecallthiskindofparticipledanglingparticiple.8.Whatis“fronting”?“fronting”isatermwhichreferstotheremovalofanitemfromitsunmarkedpost-subjectpositiontothemarkedpre-subjectpositi
6、on.Asfrontingmovesintotheinitialpositionanitemwhichdoesnotusuallybelongthere,suchagrammaticaldevicedisturbstheexpectedrouteofinformationflowandinevitablebringsaboutunusualness,i.e.“thismanovertherepeopleinthevicinityhaveaverylowopinionof.”9.Define“ellipsis”Thebasicprincipleofellipsisisleaving
7、outsomethingunderstoodandhenceproducesimcompletesentenceswithsuchastructureastopresupposeaprecedingitem.Ellipsis,somehowlikesubstitutions,setsupcohesiononthebasisofstructuralrecoverabilitywithreferencetothelinguisticcontext.Herearethreetypeso
