后置、前置、倒装.ppt

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1、EnglishGrammerPersonalInformation,Class:ClassSix,2009StuNo:……Name:CindyPostponementFrontingInversionWordorderPostponementtheplacementofaclauseelement(orpartofaclauseelement)furthertotherightinthesentencethanonewouldnormallyexpecttofindit.Postponementtypicallyappliestolongandheavyclau

2、seelements/modifiers),inagreementwiththeprincipleofendweight.E.g.Afascinatingaccountisgiveninthebookoftheauthor'sadventuresduringhistravelsinSouthAmerica.(postmodifierofsubjectnounphrasegivenattheendofthesentence);Thepolicefoundinhispossessionanautomaticpistol,forgedpassports,andbank

3、notesfromtworobberies.(S-V-A-d-OinsteadofthemorecommonS-V-d-O-A).EndfocusWewillstartwiththeprinciplesof“endfocus”and“endweight”whicharecloselyrelatedtopostponementasadeviceforachievingemphasis.Endfocus:Asaninformationunit,thesentencenormallyconsistsoftwoparts:oldinformation+newinform

4、ation.Oldinformation(alsocalled“give/knowninformation”)isalreadyknowntothehearer,andthisisusuallyexpressedbythesubject.Newinformation,usuallyexpressedbythepredicate,isthemessagetobeconveyed,andthefocusorthemostimportantpartofthemessageusuallyoccupiestheendpositioninthesentence.Thatis

5、whatwecall‘informationfocus’or‘endfocus’.E.g.MrSmithisafriendofmyfather’s.Inthissentence,“MrSmith”isOldinformation,while“afriendofmyfather’s”isNewinformation.And“myfather’s”is‘Informationfocus’.EndweightEndweight:Itmanifestsitselfinthefactthattheconstructionofthesubjectisusuallyshort

6、erandlesscomplicatedthanthatofthepredicatewherethenewinformationlies.E.g.1)Hesmokes.Hesmokescigarettes.2)Herests.Hetookarest.3)Theypushedthecar.Theygavethecarapush.Thesecondsentenceofeachgroupaboveseemsmorenaturalthanthefirstone.Itseemsthatthemulti-wordstructureofpredicateintheformer

7、sentencesoundsbetterconformedtousage.PostponementofkeywordsBecauseoftheprinciplesbetweenEndFocusandEndWeight,theendpositioninasentenceisnormallyreservedforhighlightingkeywords.Hence,postponementbecomesagrammaticaldeviceforachievingemphasis.E.g.hegavemeabook.Hegaveabooktome.Inthefirst

8、sentence,pro