环境 价值核算 美国的经验与教训.ppt

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1、环境价值核算：美国的经验与教训齐晔清华大学公共管理学院北京师范大学环境学院生态系统管理与环境价值核算EnvironmentalAccounting:FromContingentValuationtoEmergyMethod报告内容生态系统与环境价值核算综合的环境与经济核算可供借鉴的经验与教训相关概念GreenGDPEnvironmentalaccountingEcosystemvaluationStockvs.FlowGDP:FlowEnvironmentalaccounting:StockScaleMisma

2、tchGDP:相对精确Ecosystemvalue：不确定WhyEstimateEcosystemValues?BasisformarkettransactionsEcosystemplanningTheConceptofValueValueisahumanperception.Itistheworthofsomethingtoaparticularindividual,atagivenplaceandmomentintime.Utility,satisfaction,andpleasureareotherwor

3、dsthatconnoteworthorvaluereceived.生态系统与环境价值评估方法1.MarketPriceMethodEstimateseconomicvaluesforecosystemproductsorservicesthatareboughtandsoldincommercialmarkets.2.ProductivityMethodEstimateseconomicvaluesforecosystemproductsorservicesthatcontributetotheproducti

4、onofcommerciallymarketedgoods3.HedonicPricingMethodEstimateseconomicvaluesforecosystemorenvironmentalservicesthatdirectlyaffectmarketpricesofsomeothergood.Mostcommonlyappliedtovariationsinhousingpricesthatreflectthevalueoflocalenvironmentalattributes.4.Travel

5、CostMethodEstimateseconomicvaluesassociatedwithecosystemsorsitesthatareusedforrecreation.Assumesthatthevalueofasiteisreflectedinhowmuchpeoplearewillingtopaytotraveltovisitthesite.5.DamageCostAvoided,ReplacementCost,andSubstituteCostMethodsEstimateeconomicvalu

6、esbasedoncostsofavoideddamagesresultingfromlostecosystemservices,costsofreplacingecosystemservices,orcostsofprovidingsubstituteservices.6.ContingentValuationMethodEstimateseconomicvaluesforvirtuallyanyecosystemorenvironmentalservice.Themostwidelyusedmethodfor

7、estimatingnon-use,or“passiveuse”values.Askspeopletodirectlystatetheirwillingnesstopayforspecificenvironmentalservices,basedonahypotheticalscenario.7.ContingentChoiceMethodEstimateseconomicvaluesforvirtuallyanyecosystemorenvironmentalservice.Basedonaskingpeopl

8、etomaketradeoffsamongsetsofecosystemorenvironmentalservicesorcharacteristics.Doesnotdirectlyaskforwillingnesstopay—thisisinferredfromtradeoffsthatincludecostasanattribute.8.BenefitTransfe