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精准养分管理土壤养分空间变异与精准管理(英文)JinJiyunl,2,JiangCheng2(1PotashandPhosphateInstituteofCanada(PPI/PP1C),Beijing100081)(2SoilandFertilizerInstitute,CAAS,Beijing100081)1Situationandprob1emsinsoi1nutrientmanagementofChinaLargeandeverincreasingpopulationinChinacontinuoustoputpressureonthelimitedlandresource・Thisproblemwillbecomemoreandmoreseriousin21century.ItisestimatedthatthepopulationofChinawi11increaseto1.6billionand0.7billiontonsofgrainwillbencededby2030.Chinaisfacingagreatchallengcinthisaspect・Thesolutionofthisproblemshoulddependontheadvancedscientifictechnologytorealizetherationalallocationandefficientuseofnaturalresources・Soilisfoundationforagricultureandfertilizerthefoodforcrop(Jin,1998)・HowtonumagesoilnutrientsandallocateefficientlyorganicandinorganicresourcesofnutrientsisthekeyforsustainabledevelopmentofagricullureinChina.Since1970,s,alotofworkhasbeendoneandgoodprogresshasbeenmadeinsoiltestingandimprovementoffertilizerapplication.But,equalrateapplicationoffertilizerisusuallyrecommendedfora15-20haoffieldwithignoranceofsoi1nutrientvariabilitywithinthefield,whichcausedthatsomeregionsofthefieldreceivedtoomuchfertilizer,butotherstoo1ittle・Astheresults,thelandandnutrientresourceswastedwithlostofopportunitiesandbenefit・LittleworkhasbeendoneinChinatounderstandthespatialvariabiIityofsoi1nutrienls,whichaffectthesustaintibledcvclopmentofagriculture・Theprecisionagriculturehasbeensuccessfullydevelopedindevelopedcountrieswithadvaneedconditionofmechanizationandlargescaleoperation・Thebasicprincipleonvariableratetechnique(VRT)andsite-specificnutrientmanagement(SSNM),whichadjusteachagricultureinputpreciselyonthebasisofthespecificconditionofeachoperationunitofthefield,shouldbeabletobeadoptedtoanytypeandscaleofagriculturalproduction.Therefore,withdevelopmenlofmoderntechnology,precisionagriculluremustexerciseagreatinflucnccontechnologicalrevolulionaryofagricultureofChina.2Variabilityofsoilnutrientsandcropyieldunderdifferentmanagementsystems・Akeypointforprecisionagriculturedevelopmentistounderstandcomprehensivelythespatialvariabi1ityofsoilnutricnIs.Precisionagricultureindevelopedcountriesisdevelopedonthebasisoflargescaleofagricultureproduct!onwithadvaneedlevelofmechanization.However,underfamilyresporisibilitysystemwithsmallscaleoperationinChina,itisdifficulttostudythespatialvariabilityofsoilnutrientsanddevelopthevariableratetechnique(Jin,1998)・Theresultsfromthedevelopedcountriesshowedthatsoilvariabilitycouldoccurintinyscale,includingarea,field,regionswithinthefieldandevenbetweensomemillimetersspaces・BoumaandFinke(1993)havedividedthevariabilityofsoilpropertiesintoseveralcategories・Thefirstisthestaticvariabi1ity,suchassoi1textureandorganicmatter・Thesecondisthedynamicvariabi1ity,suchassoilmoistureoncltemperature.Thevariabi1ityofthesepropertieshasdirectrelationshipwiththespecificconditionofthefield,butthevariabilityofphysical-chcmicalpropertiesismoreimportanlforresearchers,becauseitperhapsisthemainreasonforthevariabilityofcropyield・Resultsofastudyinllandsncounty ofHebeiprovinccunderthefamilyrcsponsibilitysystemshowedthatpHhadrelativelysmallC・V.andP,KandBhadvery1argeones,whichwasmorethan30%(Jiang,2000).Furthermore,thespatialvariabilityofsoi1nutrientsunderthefamilyresponsibilitysystemismuchmorethanthatunderthecollectivecontractsystem・Themajorsoilnutrients,aswellasthesoiltexture,underthecollectivemanagementsysteminChangyangStateFarminBeijingalsodifferedgreatlywithC・V・greaterthan15%(Fig・1).Thespatialdistributionofdifferentnutrienlswasaffecteddifferentlybyregionalorrandomfactors・Underthefamilyresponsibilitysystem,thespatialdistributionofsoilnutrientshadgoodrclationshipwithfarmers'fertilizationhistory,cropvarietyandfieldmanagement・(图：Fig.1ContourmapforsoilavailablepotassiuminNo.10fieldofChangyangFarm(Mg/ml))Cropyieldmapisagoodparameterforevaluationofsoilconditioninthefield・Thevariationinsoilproperties,suchassoi1nutrientstatus,moistureandtexture,wi11affectcropyieldsandthevariabi1ityofsoilfertilityisthemainreasonforthevariabilityofcropyield(Carr,1991:Ilans,1994)・So,itishelpfultounderstandvariabilityofsoilphysical-chemicalpropertiesandtodevelopvariableratefertilizationtoachievebestyieldinvariousptirtsofthefield・IthasbeenreportedthatthestatusofsoilavailablePandKwerecorrelatedsignificantlywithcropyield,buttherearcgreatdifferencesamongfields(Moore,1993;Malzer,1996).In199&thevariabilityofcropyieldwithinfieldswascarriedinbothcollectivesysteminBeijingandfamilyresponsib订itysysteminIlandancountyofHebeiprovineeinChina・TheresultsshowedthatunderthecollectivemanagementsysteminChangyangStateFarminBeijing,wheatyield,kernel/earandspikenumberdifferedspatial1y.Theyielddifferencewasupto4000kg/ha(Fig.2).Cropyieldshowedadifferenthomogeneilyforeachfieldandthemacro-nutrientshadsmallerC・V.thanthatofmicronutrienls.Moreover,theconicnlofnutrientsremovedfromseedscorrelatedsignificantlywiththecropyield.Thesignificantcorrelationbetweenyieldandsoilavailablenutrientssuggestedthatthesoilnutrientsmadeagreateffectonthespatialvariabilityofcropyield・(图:Fig・2ContourmapforwheatyieldinNo.10fieldofChangyangFarm(kg/ha)) Cnderstatidingspatialvariabi1ityofsoi1physical-chemicalpropertiesisessentialforoptimizingfertilizeruse・However,spatialvariabilityofsoilphysical-chemicalpropertiesofonefielddiffersfromanother・Thenatureofspatialvariabilityofsoilconditionandcropgrowthundorvariousconditionsshouldbestudiedfurther・1Site-specificsoi1nutrient,managementsystemTheSoi1andFertilizerInstitute(SI?I)ofChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences(CAAS),incooperationwiththePotashandPhosphateInstituteofCanada(PPI/PPIC),hascarriedoutsomestudiesaboutsoilnutrientvariationandsite-specificnutrientmanagementsystemfordifferentmanagementsystemsinChina.Resultsissummarizedasfollowing.3・1Technologicalsystemforsoi1nutrienttestandinformationmanagementTtisessentialtohaveareliablesoi1testingsystemfordevelopmentofprecisionagriculture・IntheperiodofEighthFive-yearPlan,theSoi1andFertiliserInstituteintroducedasystematicapproachtechniqueforsoiltestingandfertilizerrecommcndation,andestablishedtheCAAS-PPICSoilandPlantAnalysisLaboratory.Rapidservicesinsoiltestingandnutrientstatusevaluationforavailablemicro,secondaryondmacroelernentsinsoilhavecomeintoeffectanddatabasesandmanagementsystemhavebeendeveloped・Resea广chonspatialvaricibi1ityofsoilnutrientsunderdifferentmcintigementsystemswerecarriedoutinSichuan,Zhcjiang,HebeiandBcijingbyusingthesystematicevaluationapproach,andsomevaluableresultswereachieved・Meanwhile,theconstructionofChinaSoi1andl?ertilizerInformationSystemwasfinishodandasoi1andfertilizernetworkwasestablishedtolinktotheprovincialresearchinstitutionscrossChina,whichmadethenetworknumagementofinformationintoeffect・3.2FertilizerrccommcndationsystemStudiesonsoilnutrientvariationundercollectivesysteminChangyangStateFarmofBeijingandunderfamilyresponsibi1itysysteminChenliuyingvi11ageofHandancountyofHebeiprovincewerecarriedout・Forsmal1scaleoperationinHandancounty,soilnutrientstatusforeachfarmersfieldwereobtainedbyoverlyin呂thecontourmapofsoilnutricntswiththedistributionmapoffarmer"sfieldsonageographicalinformationsystem(Jiang,2000)(I；ig.3).Thistechniquemadeitpossibletoimprovetherecommendationfromonerecommcndationfora15、20hafieldtoasmallerdistinguishedplotssignedtoindividualfarmers'familieswithinthefield・Fertilizerrecommendationwasmadetoeachplotforeachfarmer,andvariableferti1izationwasrealizedbyfarmersbyhand・Theresultshowedthathigheryieldwereobleiinedwithrecommendationciccordingtothespecificfarmersplotsandtheyielddifferencesamongfarmerswaslessthanlhaltreatedwithtrciditionalrecommendation.Underthecollectivemanagementsystem,thesoi1nutrientmanagementunitwasdetermincdbasedonthespatialvariabilityofsoilnutrientsinthefield・ResultsindicatedthatwheatyieldmapwasinagoodagreementofthesoilavailablePmap,indicatingthatwheatyieldwasaffectedbysoilavailablePlevelinthesoi1.Sitc-spccificsoilnutrientmanagementofChinacouldbedevelopedbasedontwobasicpatterns:oneforlargescaleoperationofstatefarmsystems,suchasthoseinHeilongjiangandXinjiang・Inthosefarms,someequipmentandtechniquescouldbeimporteddirectlytoincreasetheproductionlevelofagricultureafterunderstandingfullythespatialvariabilitylevelofsoilnutrientsandpossessingthehighlevelofmechanization.Thesecondisregionalizedsite-specificnutrient,management forthevi1lagesunderthefamilyresponsibi1itysystem・Itisnecessaryforthispatterntounderstandcomprehcnsivclythespatialvariabilityofsoilnutrientsundorthespecialmanagementsystem,andsomehigh-efficiency,rationalandscientificagro-chemicalservicesystemsshouldbedeveloped・(图:Fig.3)■I>120■■100-120■■80.0-100■■I60.0-SO.0■■■4OQ0O26.0-40.0I1<25.0Fig・3OverlayresultbetweensoilavailablePandfarmers，fieldmapofChenliuyingvilltigeofHebei(mg/L)3.3Comprehensiveagricultureservicesystemone!itsindustrializationRealizationoftheprecisionagricultureshouldbebasedonagoodagricultureservicesystem・Atpresent,Chinaisshiftingfromcentredplanningeconomytosocialmarketingsystem・WhenChinare-jointheWTO,traditionalagricultureproductionwillfacemoreseriouschallengeandmodernadvaneedtechnologyshouldbeintroducedtocombinewithtraditionaltechniquestoimproveagricultureproductior)・Thiswi11requireagoodservicesystemtobedeveloped(Wang,1997).TodevelopprecisionagriculturetechniquessuitabletoChins'ssitueition,lheSoi1andFerti1izerInstituteofCAASimportedsometidvaneedequipmentandsetupagoodbtisisforfurtherdevelopment・DifferentialGPS,soi1samplerandyieldmonitors,etc・havebeenintroducedandgoodservicessysteminsoiltestingandfertilizerrecommendationwasestablishedbyusingthesystematicapproachtechnique・1ProspectsofprecisionagricultureinChinaAfterunderstandingfullythespatio-temporalvariabilityofsoilnuIricntstatusinChinaandthebenefitoffertilization,soi1/cropnutrientmanagementsystemssuitablefordifferentproductionscalesandcroppingconditionsshouldbedevelopedaccordingly.Site-specificbalancedfertilizationsystemssuitablefordifferentmanagementsystemscouldbedeveloped・ 1)Inregionsundercollectivemanagementsystemwithlargoscaleoperation,itisrecommendedthatsomeexperimentsitesbeselectedtoestablishdemonstrationofprecisionagriculture・2)Underthefamilyresponsibi1itysystem,somesitesshouldbeselectedtostudythesoilnuIrientstatus,chtingingofsoi1ferti1ityandspatialvairiabi1ity,thentosetuptheregiontilsoi1andferti1izerinformationsystemtodirectsoilnutrientmanagementandfertilization.3)Nationolandregionalsoilandfertilizerinformationsystemshouldbedevelopedtoprovideinformationtorationaldistributionandscientificuseoffertilizersinnationalandregionallevels・Withthedevelopmentandimprovemcnlofsite-specificmanagemenltechnologysystem,theprecisionagriculturewi11furtherincreaseagricultureproduction,speedupagricultura1modernization,andimprovetheenvironmont.References[1]BallD.F.andWilliamsW.LVariabilityofsoilchemicalpropertiesintwouncultivatedbrownearth・J.SoilSci.,1968,19:37旷391.[2]BlackmoreB.S.Prccisionfarming:Anintroduction.OutlookonAgriculture,1994,23:275^280.[3]BoumaJ・,FinkeP.A・Originandnatureofsoilresourcevariability・SoilSpecificCropManagement,P.C・Robert,R・H.Rust,W.E.Larson,(Eds),Madison,Wisconsin,ASA,CSSA,SSSA,1993,3~14・[4]CarrP・H・clal.Farmingsoils,notfields:astrategyforincreasingfertilizerprofitability・J・Prod・Agric.,1991.4:57~61.[5]ClarkR・1“andMcGuckinR.L・Variablerateapplicationequipmentforprecisionfarming.Presentedatthe1996BeltwideCottonConference.NationalCottonCouncilofAmerica,Nashville,Tennessee・January,1996,8~12・ 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